Carol Kendall Bryan E. Bemis; Scott D. Wankel 2005 spreadsheet http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/int_geochem_foodweb/ This is the largest isotope foodweb study ever attempted in a marsh ecosystem, and combines detailed, long-term, trophic and biogeochemical studies at selected well-monitored USGS/SFWMD/FGFFC sites with limited synoptic foodweb data from over 300 sites sampled during 1996 and 1999 by a collaboration with the EPA-REMAP program. The preliminary synthesis of the biota isotopes at USGS and 1996 REMAP sites provides a mechanism for extrapolating the detailed foodwebs developed at the intensive USGS sites to the entire marsh system sampled by REMAP. Furthermore, this unique study strongly suggests that biota isotopes provide a simple means for monitoring how future ecosystem changes affect the role of periphyton (vs. macrophyte-dominated detritus) in local foodchains, and for predictive models for foodweb structure and MeHg bioaccumulation under different proposed land-management changes. Data are available for the following sites: Cell 4, ENR-OUT, L7, Cell 3, LOX, North Holeyland, E0, F1, U3/Glory Hole, L35B, 2BS, L67, 3A-15, 3A-TH, Lostmans Creek, North Prong Creek, TS-7, and TS-9 for the plants and animals found at each site. A first step of the Everglades restoration efforts is "getting the water right". However, the underlying goal is actually to re-establish, as much as possible, the "pre-development" spatial and temporal distribution of ecosystems throughout the Everglades. Stable isotope compositions of dissolved nutrients, biota, and sediments provide critical information about current and historic ecosystem conditions in the Everglades, including temporal and spatial variations in contaminant sources, biogeochemical reactions in the water column and shallow subsurface, and trophic relations. Hence, the scientific focus of this project is to use stable isotope techniques to examine ecosystem responses (especially variations in foodweb base and trophic structure) to temporal and spatial variations in hydroperiod and contaminant loading for the entire freshwater Everglades. The major "long-term" objectives of this project have been to: (1) determine the stable C, N, and S isotopic compositions of Everglades biota, (2) use bulk and compound-specific isotopic ratios to determine relative trophic positions for major organisms, (3) examine the spatial and temporal changes in foodweb structures across the ecosystem, especially with respect to the effect of anthropogenically derived nutrients and contaminants from agricultural land uses on foodwebs, (4) evaluate the effectiveness of isotopic techniques vs. gut content analysis for determining trophic relations in the Everglades, (5) evaluate the role of algae vs. detritus/microbial materials in foodwebs for the entire freshwater marsh part of the Everglades, and (6) work with modelers to correctly incorporate food web and MeHg bioaccumulation information into predictive models. More recent and specific objectives include: (1) link our data on seasonal and temporal differences in foodweb bases and trophic levels with SFWMD, FGFFC, and USGS Hg datasets (first for large fish and, more recently, for lower trophic levels), (2) investigate the effects of seasonal/spatial changes in nutrients, water levels, and reactions on the isotopic compositions at the base of the foodweb (that affect our interpretation of relative trophic positions of organisms), and (3) continue our efforts to link our foodweb isotope data from samples collected at USGS-ACME and EPA-REMAP sites with the spatial environmental patterns observed by the REMAP program. This work started as part of the Aquatic Cycling of Mercury in the Everglades (ACME) project in 1996 and was made a separate project in 2000. 199503 199910 ground condition Complete None planned Everglades -81.0202 -80.3069 26.6712 25.2475 none stable isotope techniques hydrology chemistry biogeochemistry foodweb ecosystem contaminants biology ecology ISO 19115 Topic Category biota environment 007 002 inlandWaters 012 Department of Commerce, 1995, Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions, Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 10-4, Washington, DC, National Institute of Standards and Technology United States US U.S. Department of Commerce, 1987, Codes for the identification of the States, the District of Columbia and the outlying areas of the United States, and associated areas (Federal Information Processing Standard 5-2): Washington, DC, NIST Florida FL Department of Commerce, 1990, Counties and Equivalent Entities of the United States, Its Possessions, and Associated Areas, FIPS 6-3, Washington, DC, National Institute of Standards and Technology Broward County Collier County Glades County Hendry county Martin County Miami-Dade County Okeechobee County Palm Beach County none Central Everglades ENR Everglades Nutrient Removal area STA Storm Treatment Areas SW Big Cypress Florida Keys Water Conservation Area 1 Water Conservation Area 2 Water Conservation Area 3 WCA1 WCA2 WCA3 ITIS animals plants none fish vertebrates U.S. Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (ARS) U.S. Department of Agriculture - Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Department of the Interior - U.S. Geological Survey Department of Commerce - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Smithsonian Institution - National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) 2000 Database Retrieved from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System on-line database, http://www.itis.gov. http://www.itis.gov USDA, NRCS (U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Resources Conservation Service) 2007 online database Baton Rouge, LA National Plant Data Center http://plants.usda.gov/ Guiry, M. D. Guiry, G. M. 2007 version 4.2 electronic publication Galway, Ireland National University of Ireland http://www.algaebase.org field identification of plants, invertebrates, and fish Taxonomic classification information could not be found for the following plants and animals listed in the datasets: Amiidae calva, Bellastomatia, Chironomus crassicaudarus, Cladium jamaicense, Classoma, Dytiseidae, Eleocharis, Gyrinid, Lepomis gulosus, Libellulid, Oligocheate, Palaeomenetes paludosus, Phragmites, and Podomogetan Plants and animals are identified to genus or species level where the scientific name is given Empire Biovitae Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Malacostraca Order Decapoda Family Cambaridae Genus Procambarus Species Procambarus alleni Order Amphipoda Family Gammaridae Genus Gammarus Family Hyalellidae Genus Hyalella Species Hyalella azteca Class Insecta Order Hemiptera true bugs hemipterans Family Corixidae water boatman corises Order Trichoptera caddisflies Order Ephemeroptera Family Caenidae Genus Caenis Phylum Chordata Class Actinopterygii Order Cyprinodontiformes Family Cyprinodontidae Genus Jordanella Species Jordanella floridae American flagfish flagfish Family Fundulidae Genus Fundulus Species Fundulus chrysotus golden topminnow Species Fundulus seminolis Seminole killifish Genus Lucania Species Lucania goodei blue-fintop minnow bluefin killifish Family Poeciliidae Genus Gambusia Species Gambusia affinis mosquitofish western mosquitofish Genus Heterandria Species Heterandria formosa dwarf livebearer least killifish Genus Poecilia Species Poecilia latipinna sailfin molly Order Perciformes Family Cichlidae Genus Astronotus Species Astronotus ocellatus oscar Genus Oreochromis Species Oreochromis aureus tilapia azul blue tilapia Family Centrarchidae Genus Chaenobryttus Species Chaenobryttus gulosus warmouth Genus Lepomis Species Lepomis macrochirus bluegill Species Lepomis marginatus dollar sunfish Species Lepomis microlophus redear sunfish Species Lepomis punctatus spotted sunfish Genus Micropterus Species Micropterus salmoides largemouth bass Genus Pomoxis Species Pomoxis nigromaculatus black crappie Family Percidae Genus Etheostoma Species Etheostoma fusiforme swamp darter Order Anguilliformes Family Anguillidae Genus Anguilla Species Anguilla rostrata American eel Order Cypriniformes Family Catostomidae Genus Erimyzon Species Erimyzon sucetta lake chubsucker Family Cyprinidae Genus Notemigonus Species Notemigonus crysoleucas golden shiner Order Siluriformes Family Clariidae Genus Clarias Species Clarias batrachus clarias catfish walking catfish Family Ictaluridae Genus Ameiurus Species Ameiurus natalis yellow bullhead Species Ameiurus nebulosus brown bullhead Family Loricariidae Genus Hypostomus suckermouth catfishes Order Esociformes Family Esocidae Genus Esox Species Esox americanus redfin pickerel grass pickerel Species Esox niger chain pickerel Order Semionotiformes Famly Lepisosteidae Genus Lepisosteus Species Lepisosteus platyrhincus Florida gar Kingdom Plantae Division Charophyta stoneworts Class Charophyceae Order Charales Family Characeae Genus Chara Genus Nitella Subkingdom Tracheobionta Division Magnoliophyta Class Liliopsida Order Alismatales Family Alismataceae Genus Sagittaria Species Sagittaria latifolia broadleaf arrowhead wapato duck potato common arrowhead Order Hydrocharitales Family Hydrocharitaceae Genus Hydrilla hydrilla Order Najadales Family Najadaceae Genus Najas water nymph waternymph Subclass Arecidae Order Arales Family Araceae Genus Arum arum Genus Pistia pistia Subclass Commelinidae Order Cyperales Family Cyperaceae Genus Cladium Species Cladium mariscus Subspecies Cladium mariscus ssp. Jamaicense Jamaica swamp sawgrass jamaica sawgrass Genus Eleocharis spikerush spikesedge Family Poaceae Genus Phragmites reed Order Typhales Family Typhaceae Genus Typha Species Typha domingensis southern cattail southern cat-tail Subclass Liliidae Order Liliales Family Liliaceae Genus Hymenocallis spiderlily hymenocallis Class Magnoliopsida Subclass Asteridae Order Scrophulariales Family Lentibulariaceae Genus Utricularia bladderwort Family Scrophulariaceae Genus Bacopa waterhyssop waer hyssop Subclass Magnoliidae Order Nymphaeales Family Nymphaeaceae Genus Nymphaea waterlily water lily Subclass Rosidae Order Apiales Family Apiaceae Genus Hydrocotyle Species Hydrocotyle bonariensis largeleaf pennywort Division Pteridophyta Class Filicopsida Order Hydropteridales Family Azollaceae Genus Azolla mosquito ferns water ferns mosquitofern none These data are subject to change and are not citeable until reviewed and approved for official publication. Carol Kendall U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

345 Middlefield Road, MS 434

Menlo Park CA 94025 USA 650 329-4576 650 329-5590 ckendall@usgs.gov http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/posters/lessons-evergl/images/sitesmapx.jpg locations of USGS sites, USEPA REMAP sites 1996, and USEPA REMAP sites 1999 JPEG http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/fs/2004-3138/images/fig1x.jpg satellite image of south Florida showing biota collection sites JPEG Project personnel include Steven R. Silva, Ted Lange, Peter Rawlik, Darren Rumbold, Larry Fink, Robert Shuford, Joel Trexler, Jerry Stober, Doug White, and Doug Choy. Related projects include work by Dave Krabbenhoft, George Aiken, Bill Orem, and Bill Loftus. MS Excel spreadsheets Haitzer, M. Aiken, G. R.; Ryan, J. N. 2002 paper Environmental Science and Technology v. 36 Washington, DC American Chemical Society The entire paper is available from the Environmental Science and Technology Journal web site; however, a journal subscription is required. http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/papers/hg_dom_binding/ Kendall, Carol Bemis, Bryan; Wankel, Scott, Silva, Steve; Chang, Cecily; Campbell, Linda 2001 poster Menlo Park, CA U.S. Geological Survey http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/posters/lessons-evergl/ Kendall, C. Silva, S. R.; Stober, Q. J.; Meyer, P. 1998 report EOS Transactions v. 79 Washington, DC American Geophysical Union Rumbold, D. G. Fink, L. E.; Laine, K. A.; Niemczyk, S. L.; Chandrasekhar, T.; Wankel, S. D.; Kendall, C 2002 report The Science of the Total Environment vol. 297, issues 1-3 Amsterdam, The Netherlands Elsevier Science B.V. Only the abstract is available online; a journal subscription is required to access the full article. To view the abstract, click on the link under Journal Articles at http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/int_geochem_foodweb/ McCutchan, Jr., James H., Lewis, Jr., William M.; Kendall, Carol; McGrath, Claire C. 2003 report Oikos vol. 102, issue 2 Lund, Sweden Nordic Ecological Society Only the abstract is available free of charge. A journal subscription is required for access to the full article. To view the abstract, click on the link under Journal Articles at http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/int_geochem_foodweb/ not applicable not available Lab Samples were analyzed for stable isotopic composition (sigma 13C and sigma 15N) using a Micromass Optima continuous flow mass spectrometer coupled to a Carlo Erba elemental analyzer. Samples with carbonate (all algae and sediments) were acidified to remove carbonates. Carbonates were removed from the samples using the acid vapor method, except that the samples were acidified for 18 hours after being moistened with deionized/distilled water. Results are reported in the usual delta format as permil values for: (1) 13C relative to V-PDB, normalized to a scale where NBS-19 is + 1.95 permil and NBS-21 is -28.10 permil, and (2) for 15N relative to air, normalized to a scale where IAEA-N1 is +0.43 permil and IAEA-N2 is +20.41 permil. Analytical precision (1sigma level) was generally in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 permil for both C and N, but for some samples replication was no better than +/- 0.5 permil due to sample heterogeneity. We expect to finish all the needed analyses for the synthesis reports in FY02 (unless we ask the SFWMD for selected STA samples to fill in some gaps in our dataset). Most of the year will be spent on continuing the statistical analyses, plots, and interpretation required for the three major synthesis papers: one on spatial variations in foodwebs across the entire Everglades (linking the ACME and 1999 REMAP datasets), one on spatial patterns in biogeochemical reactions, and the last on temporal variations in biogeochemical reactions and foodweb relations. The goal of these papers is to present a coherent explanation of how biota isotopes provide a simple means for (1) monitoring how future ecosystem changes affect the role of periphyton (vs. macrophyte-dominated detritus) in the foodchain leading to gambusia and its predators, and (2) for developing predictive models for MeHg bioaccumulation under different proposed land-management changes. With our recent success in linking the patterns observed in our ACME foodweb and REMAP 1996 synoptic samples, we can extrapolate the detailed foodwebs developed at ~15 well-studied ACME sites to the ~100 synoptic sites sampled by the REMAP in September 1996. This linkage allows us to determine what environmental variables (thus far, mainly water levels and a complicated reflection of the nature of the local reducing conditions but a lot more statistics are needed to deal with the spatial patterns) correlate with spatial and temporal changes in the dominant base of the foodweb. We will have a completely independent test of the foodweb models we are developing, when we finish analyzing the samples from the spring/fall REMAP 1999 synoptics (we have been careful to not quite finish analyzing the most critical 1999 samples, and to not look at the data, until our synthesis paper is submitted, so that the test is truly rigorous). 2002 Other possible activities for FY03-FY05 include: (1) collaborating on a comparison of gut-contents and isotope data for REMAP gambusia samples (with Trexler) and/or largemouth bass (with Lange); (2) working with Thorton on incorporating our REMAP isotope data into his spatial models to determine whether the spatial patterns we both seeare due to spatial changes in foodweb complexity or foodweb base; (3) writing a more comprehensive paper using our isotope data to explain spatial and temporal variations in Hg levels (with Rawlik, Krabbenhoft, and/or Lange); (4) collaborate (with Rawlik and Fink) on a paper on foodweb differences at cells in the ENR and various STA’s where we have analyzed samples collected by the SFWMD; or (5) we will finally report the results of our attempts at using compound-specific C isotopes as a tracer of trophic relations Unknown Investigation of the effects of temporal and spatial changes in nutrients, water levels, and reactions on the isotopic compositions at the base of the foodweb. This effort has two major elements. The first element is a collaboration with the SFWMD where they will collect water and plant (and some animal) samples from selected sites (among the sites along the nutrient gradient that they are currently studying), for us to analyze for stable isotopes. Our main focus will be to analyze the water for d15N/d18O of nitrate, d15N of ammonium, d13C of dissolved inorganic and organic carbon (DIC and DOC), d34S of sulfate, and d18O of phosphate (selected samples); biota will be analyzed for d15N/d13C/d34S. These data will allow us to (1) trace the sources of the nutrients in the water column (eg, original, recycled, or mixed-sources of N, S, C, and P), (2) provide information about the nature of the recycling reactions in the water column and floc layer (eg, denitrification vs nitrification of organic N, methane oxidation vs respiration vs exchange with the atmosphere, sulfate reduction), and (3) provide needed empirical data on specifically how changes in water level affect the complex interplay of biogeochemical reactions that result in the isotopic compositions of aquatic plants at the base of local foodwebs. There are virtually no data on the d15N of nitrate or ammonium, or d18O of phosphate, in the Everglades because such samples pose extreme analytical challenges. After several years of work, we finally have usable methods and we are currently analyzing our first few test samples. In particular, this study is now possible because some recently published methods will allow the analysis of d15N/d18O of nitrate on ml-sized samples instead of the L-sized samples required with our earlier methods (making it much more feasible for our collaborators to collect and transport us bimonthly samples from a number of sites); a newly purchased automated device that makes it easy to analyze d13C of DIC; and a successful collaboration with colleagues at Stanford that has resulted in the development of an improved method for d18O of phosphate. If resources permit, we would like to use phosphate d18O to see if we can distinguish between sources of phosphate along the nutrient gradient and into FL Bay. The second element is a collaboration with Bill Orem, Chuck Holmes, and others who have collected and age-dated sediment cores from the freshwater marshes; we are particularly interested in changes in the last 100 years. We want to analyze bulk organic matter for d13C, d15N, and d34S (and perhaps organic phosphate-d18O) to test our models for how the isotopic compositions in plants change over time in response to changes in water levels, nutrient conditions, and biogeochemical reactions (especially ones like sulfate reduction and denitrification, that have been significantly affected by recent anthropogenic activities). These organic matter isotope data will also be extremely useful for refining our understanding of the role of S in the environment. We will compare these core isotope data with our sediment isotope data for the 300+ REMAP 1996/1999 sites where we have samples, to show how one aspect of the methylation potential (as indirectly measured by sulfate reduction) has changed over time and space. These S results should be useful for the development of a sulfur module for Everglades predictive Hg models, and for modeling or land-management attempts to predict the potential for methylation based on easily measured environmental parameters (like those measured by REMAP). If resources permit, we would be interested in looking at temporal changes in d13C/ d15N/d34S at some of the USGS cores recently collected to assess the evolution of tree islands. Unknown Work planned for FY2004 includes: 1. Continued evaluation and publication of data generated in previous collaborations with ACME, EPA, FGFFC, SFWMD, and FIU to include a paper on environmental controls on mercury in large mouth bass, spatial/temporal changes in foodwebs, a first isotope synthesis paper, and possibly a paper on isotope-gut contents. 2. Investigation of temporal and spatial changes in nutruients, water levels, and reactions on the isotopoic compositions at the base of the foodweb We tried several times in 1998 to connect the isotopic compositions in the water column to those of plants, but failed to get reliable d13C of DIC and d15N of nitrate and ammonium because of the high DOC concentrations. Scot Hagerthey (SFWMD) is very interested in collaboration since he feels that our isotope data will provide valuable data on the extent of N recycling along the nutrient gradient in WCA2 (and at other SFWMD sites) that will help them understand processes that affect P concentrations in water. Furthermore, after a lot of hard work in FY03 by Scott Wankel on developing and automating a new nitrate d15N-d18O method, and by Dan Doctor (an NRC postdoc working on C cycling at the Sleepers River Watershed) who got our new automated DIC/DOC- d13C device working, we now have the methods we need to see how temporal and spatial variability in the water column solutes are established, and how they affect the d13C and d15N in plants (and microinvertebrates) at the base of the foodweb. We will also analyze a small number of samples for phosphate-d18O, organic matter d34S, and water d18O/ dD. Hagerthey has a number of sites in WCA2 and elsewhere across the Everglades that he samples monthly, and he will collect us water samples, macrophytes, floc, periphyton, and (we hope) microinvertebrates from some 10-15 sites, several times during the year. We are in the process of developing a similar but smaller collaboration with Paul McCormick for sampling at WCA1. Our nitrate and DIC isotope preparation units are extremely well automated, so these samples will not require much manpower to analyze. 2004 The main goals for FY 2005 are to finish several papers for pubication in peer-reviewed journals and to link our isotope data with the REMAP model. Accidental data management errors are being corrected before papers are submitted for publication. In addition four focused pilot studies designed to answer some questions raised by the earlier studies and to further our ablility to use isotopes to assess ecosystem changes were begun: 1. a study tracing the intrusion of canal water into interior refuge areas in WCA1, 2. a related study on the effect of nutrients on algal mats and other plants in WCA1, 3. a study on the effect on N recycling on P levels and biota isotopes along the nutrient gradient in WCA2A, 4. A study to evaluate the effects of different treatment strategies in STAs in food web structure and MeHg bioaccumulation Unknown Carol Kendall U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

345 Middlefield Road, MS 434

Menlo Park CA 94025 USA 650 329-4576 650 329-5590 ckendall@usgs.gov Everglades Point Point 18 0.001 0.001 Decimal degrees North American Datum of 1983 Geodetic Reference System 80 6378137 298.257 Each data collection site has the following information: date (month-year), critter, common name, scientific name, sigma 15N mean, sigma 15N S(tandard) D(eviation), sigma 15N n, sigma 13C mean, sigma 13C SD, sigma 13C n, C:N mean, C:N SD, and C:N n USGS personnel Heather S.Henkel U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

600 Fourth St. South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 803-8747 ext 3028 727 803-2030 hhenkel@usgs.gov Everglades Isotope Data The data have no implied or explicit guarantees MS Excel Each file contains the data for a specific site http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/kendall_isotope/kendallisotope.html Data may be downloaded from the SOFIA website none 20070917 Heather Henkel U.S. Geological Survey mailing and physical address

600 Fourth Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 803-8747 ext 3028 727 803-2030 sofia-metadata@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Part 1: Biological Data Profile FGDC-STD-001.1-1999