Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Kevin Cunningham Publication_Date: Unpublished Material Title: Linking a conceptual karst hydrogeologic model of the Biscayne aquifer to ground-water flow simulations within the Greater Everglades from Everglades National Park to Biscayne National Park - Phase 1 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: project Online_Linkage: http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/karst_model Description: Abstract: This project in being undertaken to develop a high-resolution 3-dimensional karst hydrogeologic framework of the Biscayne aquifer between Everglades National Park (ENP) and Biscayne National Park (BNP) using test coreholes, borehole geophysical logging, cyclostratigraphy, hydrostratigraphy, and hydrologic modeling. The development of an expanded conceptual karst hydrogeologic framework in this project will be used to assist development of procedures for numeric simulations to improve the monitoring and assessment of the response of the ground-water system to hydrologic changes caused by CERP-related changes in sstage within the Everglades wetlands, including seepage-management pilot project implementation. Specifically, the development of procedures for ground-water modeling of the karst Biscayne aquifer in the area of Northern Shark Slough will help determine the appropriate hydrologic response to rainfall and translate that information into appropriate performance targets for input into the design and operating rules to manage water levels and flow volumes for the two Seepage Management Areas. Mapping of the karstic stratiform ground-water flow passageways in the Biscayne aquifer is recent and limited to a small area of Miami-Dade County adjacent to the Everglades wetlands. Extension of this karst framework between the Everglades wetlands and coastal Biscayne Bay will aid in the simulation of coupled ground-water and surface-water flows to Biscayne Bay. The development of procedures for modeling in the karst Biscayne aquifer will useful to the establishment of minimum flows and levels to the Biscayne Bay and seasonal flow patterns. Also, these improved procedures for simulations will assist in ecologic modeling efforts of Biscayne Bay coastal estuaries. Purpose: Research is needed to determine how planned Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) seepage control actions within the triple-porosity karstic Biscayne aquifer in the general area of Northeast Shark Slough will affect ground-water flows and recharge between the Everglades wetlands and Biscayne Bay. A fundamental problem in the simulation of karst ground-water flow and solute transport is how best to represent aquifer heterogeneity as defined by the spatial distribution of porosity, permeability, and storage. The triple porosity of the Biscayne aquifer is principally: (1) matrix of interparticle and separate-vug porosity, providing much of the storage and, under dynamic conditions, diffuse-carbonate flow; (2) touching-vug porosity creating stratiform ground-water flow passageways; and (3) less common conduit porosity composed mainly of bedding plane vugs, thin solution pipes, and cavernous vugs. The objectives of this project are to: (1) build on the Lake Belt area hydrogeologic framework (recently completed by the principal investigator), mainly using cyclostratigraphy and digital optical borehole images to map porosity types and develop the triple-porosity karst framework between the Everglades wetlands and Biscayne Bay; and (2) develop procedures for numerical simulation of ground-water flow within the Biscayne aquifer multi-porosity system. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 2005 Ending_Date: 2009 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: In Work Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -81.5 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -80 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 26 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 25 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Theme_Keyword: modeling Theme_Keyword: geology Theme_Keyword: hydrology Theme_Keyword: hydrogeology Theme_Keyword: mapping Theme_Keyword: karst Theme_Keyword: groundwater Theme_Keyword: surface water Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: environment Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: inlandWaters Theme_Keyword: 007 Theme_Keyword: 008 Theme_Keyword: 012 Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Department of Commerce, 1995, Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions, Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 10-4, Washington, D.C., National Institute of Standards and Technology Place_Keyword: United States Place_Keyword: US Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: U.S. Department of Commerce, 1987, Codes for the identification of the States, the District of Columbia and the outlying areas of the United States, and associated areas (Federal Information Processing Standard 5-2): Washington, D. C., NIST Place_Keyword: Florida Place_Keyword: FL Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Department of Commerce, 1990, Counties and Equivalent Entities of the United States, Its Possessions, and Associated Areas, FIPS 6-3, Washington, DC, National Institute of Standards and Technology Place_Keyword: Miami-Dade County Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Geographic Names Information System Place_Keyword: Everglades National Park Place_Keyword: Biscayne National Park Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Place_Keyword: South East Coast Stratum: Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Stratum_Keyword: Biscayne aquifer Access_Constraints: none Use_Constraints: none Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Kevin Cunningham Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 3110 SW 9th Ave. City: Ft. Lauderdale State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33315 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 954 377-5913 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 954 377-5901 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: kcunning@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://sofia.usgs.gov/people/cunningham.html#3D Browse_Graphic_File_Description: 3-D animated fly-through of very well-connected touching-vug burrow porosity from the upper part of the Biscayne aquifer in Miami-Dade County Browse_Graphic_File_Type: avi video Data_Set_Credit: Project personnel include Melinda Wolfert, Christian Langevin, Michael Wacker, G. Lynn Wingard, Edward Robinson, Joann Dixon, W. Lee Florea, Barclay Shoemaker, Michael C. Sukop, Jeff Lee, H. Allen Curran, and Cameron Walker Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Cunningham, Kevin J. Wacker, Michael A.; Robinson, Edward; Gefvert, Cynthia J.; Krupa, Steven L. Publication_Date: 2004 Title: Hydrogeology and Ground-Water Flow at Levee 31N, Miami-Dade County, Florida, July 2003 to May 2004 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: maps and data Series_Information: Series_Name: Scientific Investigations Map Issue_Identification: I-2846 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: accessed as of 5/4/2011 Online_Linkage: http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/sim/I-2846 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Dunham, R. J. Publication_Date: 1962 Title: Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional textures Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: AAPG Memoir Issue_Identification: 1 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Tulsa, OK Publisher: American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Other_Citation_Details: in Classification of Carbonate Rocks Ham, W. E., ed. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Embry, A. F. Klovan, J. E. Publication_Date: 1971 Title: A late Devonian reef tract on Northeastern Banks Island, N. W. T. Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology Issue_Identification: v. 19, n. 4, p. 739-781 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Calgary, Canada Publisher: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Lucia, F. J. Publication_Date: 1995 Title: Rock-fabric/petrophysical classification of carbonate pore space for reservoir characterization Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: AAPG Bulletin Issue_Identification: v. 79, n. 9, p,. 1275-1300 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Tulsa, OK Publisher: American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Cunningham, Kevin J. Carlson, Janine I., Hurley, Neil F. Publication_Date: 2004 Title: New method for quantification of vuggy porosity from digital optical boreholes images as applied to the karstic Pleistocene limestone of the Biscayne aquifer, southeastern Florida Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal of Applied Geophysics Issue_Identification: v. 55 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Amsterdam, Netherlands Publisher: Elsevier Science BV Other_Citation_Details: accessed as of 5/4/2011 The full article is available via journal subscription or single article purchase. The abstract may be viewed on the website below. Online_Linkage: http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/papers/vuggypor/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Cunningham, Kevin J. Publication_Date: 2004 Title: Application of ground-penetrating radar, digital borehole images, and cores for characterization of porosity hydraulic conductivity and paleokarst in the Biscayne aquifer, southeastern Florida, USA Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal of Applied Geophysics Issue_Identification: v. 55 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Amsterdam, Netherlands Publisher: Elsevier Science Other_Citation_Details: accessed as of 5/4/2011 The full article is available via journal subscription or single article purchase. The abstract may be viewed on the website below. Online_Linkage: http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/papers/hc_paleokarst/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Cunningham, K. J. Carlson, J. L.; Wingard, G. L.; Robinson, E.; Wacker, M. A. Publication_Date: 2004 Title: Characterization of aquifer heterogeneity using cyclostratigraphy and geophysical methods in the upper part of the Biscayne aquifer, southeastern Florida Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report Issue_Identification: 03-4208 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Tallahassee, FL Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: accessed as of 5/4/2011 Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034208 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Wolfert-Lohmann, M. A. Langevin, C. D.; Jones, S. A.; Reich, C. D.; Wingard, G. L.; Kuffner, I. B.; Cunningham, K. J. Publication_Date: 2008 Title: U.S. Geological Survey Science Strategy for Biscayne National Park and Surrounding Areas in Southeastern Florida Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: USGS Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2007-1288 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: accessed as of 5/4/2011 Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1288/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Cunningham, K. J. Renken, R. A.; Wacker, M. A.; Zygnerski, M. R.; Robinson, E. ; Shapiro, A. M.; Wingard, G. L. Publication_Date: 2006 Title: Application of carbonate cyclostratigraphy and borehole geophysics to delineate porosity and preferential flow in the karst limestone of the Biscayne aquifer, SE Florida Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: GSA Special Paper Issue_Identification: 404 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Boulder, CO Publisher: Geological Society of America Other_Citation_Details: in Perspectives on karst geomorphology, hydrology, and geochemistry - A tribute volume to Derek C. Ford and William B. White Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Cunningham, K. J. Wacker, M. A.; Robinson, E.; Dixon, J. F.; Wingard, G. L. Publication_Date: 2006 Title: A cyclostratigraphic and borehole geophysical approach to development of a three-dimensional conceptual hydrogeologic model of the karstic Biscayne aquifer, southeastern Florida Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: USGS Scientific Investigaton Report Issue_Identification: 2005-5235 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: accessed as of 5/4/2011 prepared in cooperation with South Florida Water Management District Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5235/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Renken, R. A. Cunningham, K. J.; Zygnerski, M. R.; Wacker, M. A.; Shapiro, A, M,; Harvey, R. W.; Metge, D. W.; Osborn, C. L.; Ryan, J. N. Publication_Date: 200511 Title: Assessing the vulnerability of a municipal well field to contamination in a karst aquifer Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: Environmental and Engineering Geoscience Issue_Identification: v. 11, n. 4 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Denver, CO Publisher: Association of Environmental and Engineering Geologists Other_Citation_Details: accessed as of 5/4/2011 The full article is available via subscription to GeoScienceWorld or single article purchase. The abstract may be viewed on the website below. Online_Linkage: http://eeg.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/11/4/319 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Shoemaker, W. B. Kuniansky, E. L.; Birk, S.; Bauer, S.; Swain, E. D. Publication_Date: 2007 Title: Documentation of a Conduit Flow Process (CFP) for MODFLOW-2005 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: USGS Techniques and Methods Issue_Identification: Book 6, chapter A24 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Tallahassee, FL Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: accessed as of 5/4/2011 Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm6a24/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Sukop, M. C. Anwar, S..; Lee, J. S.; Cunningham, K. J.; Langevin, C. D. Publication_Date: 2008 Title: Modeling ground-water flow and solute transport in karst with Lattice Boltzmann Methods Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Norcross, GA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: accessed as of 5/4/2011 in U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, Bowling Green, KY, May 27-29, 2008; E. L. Kuniansky, ed. Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5023/32sukop.htm Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Shoemaker, W. B. Cunningham, K. J.; Kuniansky, E. L.; Dixon, J. F. Publication_Date: 2008 Title: Effects of turbulence on hydraulic heads and parameter sensitivities in preferential groundwater flow layers Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: Water Resources Research Issue_Identification: v. 44, W03501 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Washington, DC Publisher: American Geophysical Union Other_Citation_Details: accessed as of 5/4/2011 The full article is available via journal subscription or single article purchase. The abstract may be viewed on the website below. Online_Linkage: http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2008/2007WR006601.shtml Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Cunningham, K. J. Sukop, M. C.; Huang, H.; Alvarez, P. F.; Curran, H. A.; Renken, R. A.; Dixon, J. F. Publication_Date: 2009 Title: Prominence of ichnologically influenced macroporosity in the karst Biscayne aquifer: Stratiform super-K zones Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: Geological Society of America Bulletin Issue_Identification: v. 121, n. 1-2, p. 164-180 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Boulder, CO Publisher: Geeological Society of America, Inc. Other_Citation_Details: accessed as of 5/9/2011 The full article is available via journal subscription or single article purchase. The abstract may be viewed on the website below. Online_Linkage: http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/content/121/1-2/164.abstract Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Cunnigham, K. J. Florea, L. J. Publication_Date: 2009 Title: The Biscayne aquifer of southeastern Florida Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Huntsville, AL Publisher: National Speleological Society, Inc. Other_Citation_Details: in Caves and Karst of the USA; eds Palmer, A. N. and M. V.; p. 196-199 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Cunningham, K. J. Walker, C. Publication_Date: 2009 Title: Seismic-sag structures in Tertiary carbonate rocks beneath southeastern Florida, USA: evidence for hypogenic speleogenesis? Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: Special Paper Issue_Identification: 1 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Simferopol, Ukraine Publisher: Ukrainian Institute of Speleology and Karstology Other_Citation_Details: accessed as of 5/9/2011 Paper presented at a conference May 13-17, 2009 in Chernivtsi, Ukraine in Hypogene Speleogenesis and Karst Hydrogeology of Artesian Basins; eds. Klimchouck, A. B. and Ford, D. C.; p. 151-158 Online_Linkage: http://www.speleogenesis.info/directory/karstbase/pdf/seka_pdf9400.pdf Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Florea, L. J. Cunningham. K. J.; Altobelli, S. Publication_Date: 2009 Title: NMR imaging of fluid exchange between macropores and matrix in eogenetic karst Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: Ground Water Issue_Identification: v. 47, n. 3, p. 382-390 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Westerville, OH Publisher: National Ground Water Association Other_Citation_Details: accessed as of 5/9/2011 The full article is available via journal subscription or single article purchase. The abstract may be viewed on the website below. Online_Linkage: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00526.x/abstract Data_Quality_Information: Logical_Consistency_Report: not available Completeness_Report: not available Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Work planned for FY 2006 includes: 1. Drilling about 10 test coreholes Drilling and completion of approximately 10 test coreholes by wireline coring methods. This work provides critical data for development of a new karst hydrogeologic framework of the Biscayne aquifer that will be used in developing procedures for hydrologic modeling of the karstic Biscayne aquifer that includes areas adjacent to Biscayne Bay; produces wells that will provide information to be used in developing procedures for modeling that will benefit monitoring and assessment of the pilot projects information needs; and produces wells that will be used to develop a high-resolution hydrogeologic framework, and procedures for hydrologic modeling that can be used in research and possible model refinement to establish operating protocols of the seepage barriers. 2. Geophysical logging Geophysical logs are acquired at completion of each test corehole above. Processing of sonic data to be accomplished using LogCruncher software. Flowmeter and fluid-temperature and resistivity data used to assist in selection of preferred ground-water flow paths in the karst Biscayne aquifer. This work will produce data necessary to produce a conceptual karst hydrogeologic model by integrating core analyses, (including molluscan and benthic foraminiferal data and interpretation of lithofacies and depositional facies), borehole geophysical logs, cyclostratigraphy, and hydrologic data. Electronic files of geophysical logs will be archived at the USGS-FISC-CWRS office, and paper copies and PDF file versions of log montages of all geophysical logs will be produced using WellCAD software. 3. Cyclostratigraphy and hydrostratigraphy Data from core descriptions, thin-section petrography, paleontology of mollusks and foraminifers, construction of hydrogeologic cross sections, and measurement of porosity and permeability of core samples will be used to develop a high-resolution conceptual karst hydrogeologic framework of the Biscayne aquifer in the study area. Task will produce a conceptual karst hydrogeologic model by integrating core analyses, (including molluscan and benthic foraminiferal data and interpretation of lithofacies and depositional facies), borehole geophysical logs, cyclostratigraphy, and hydrologic data. Core samples will be described using a 10-power hand lens and binocular microscope to determine vertical patterns of microfacies, sedimentary structures, and lithostratigraphic boundaries, to characterize porosity, and to estimate "relative" permeability. Limestones to be classified by combining the schemes of Dunham (1962), Embry and Klovan (1971), and Lucia (1995). Core-sample descriptions to be classified as rock-fabric facies and presented graphically. Horizontal and vertical permeability of numerous whole-core samples and porosity and grain density to be measured at Core Laboratories, Inc., Midland, Texas. Borehole images acquired from each test corehole will be used to quantify vuggy porosity using a method described in Cunningham and others (2004, Journal of Applied Geophysics). Molluscan analyses to be conducted by G. Lynn Wingard at the USGS Paleontology Laboratory in Reston. Core samples will be examined under a binocular microscope to observed diagnostic characteristics and compared to published species. Clay squeezes or latex casts will be made of the molluscan molds where appropriate to aid in identification. Identification of benthic foraminifera to be conducted by Edward Robinsonof University of West Indies. Thin section samples will be examined petrographically to observed diagnostic features for identification of foraminiferal type and associated depositional environments. This task will aid in the construction of two-dimensional hydrogeologic cross sections. Development of a three-dimensional conceptual hydrogeologic framework of area encompassed by approximately 10 new coreholes. Model will be output using Environmental Visualization Systems NT-PRO software. 4. Hydrologic modeling Initiate procedures for the application of the MODFLOW-2000 Hydrogeologic Unit Flow (HUF) pack and/or CAVE (Carbonate Aquifer Void Evolution) to hydrologic modeling of the karstic Biscayne aquifer in the study area. Development of modeling procedures for a karstic aquifer will allow more reliable simulations of ground-water flow and solution transport in the variable-density ground-water model of Miami-Dade County. Test use of relations between porosity and permeability using e.g., the Kozeny-Carmen equation, initiate application of the MODFLOW-2000 Hydrogeologic Unit Flow package, and begin application of parameter estimation techniques to apportion the bulk permeability values to individual flow zones. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Government Process_Date: 2006 Process_Step: Process_Description: 1. Eight test coreholes were installed in Miami-Dade County. 2. Geophysical logging: Acquired geophysical logs at completion of each of the 8 test corehole. Processing of sonic data accomplished using the LogCruncher software. Use of flowmeter and fluid-temperature and resistivity data assists in selection of preferred ground-water flow paths in the karst Biscayne aquifer. Task will produce data necessary to produce a conceptual karst hydrogeologic model by integrating core analyses, (including molluscan and benthic foraminiferal data and interpretation of lithofacies, ichnofacies, and depositional facies), borehole geophysical logs, cyclostratigraphy, and hydrologic data. Electronic files of geophysical logs will be archived at the USGS-FISC-CWRS office, and paper copies and PDF file versions of log montages of all geophysical logs will be produced using WellCAD software. 3. Cyclostratigraphy and hydrostratigraphy: Core samples to be described using a 10-power hand lens and binocular microscope to determine vertical patterns of microfacies, ichnofacies, sedimentary structures, and lithostratigraphic boundaries, to characterize porosity, and to estimate "relative" permeability. Limestones to be classified by combining the schemes of Dunham (1962), Embry and Klovan (1971), and Lucia (1995). Core-sample descriptions to be classified as rock-fabric facies and presented graphically. Horizontal and vertical permeability of numerous whole-core samples and porosity and grain density to be measured at Core Laboratories, Inc., Midland, Texas. Borehole images acquired from each test corehole will be used to quantify vuggy porosity using a method described in Cunningham and others (2004, Journal of Applied Geophysics). Molluscan analyses to be conducted by G. Lynn Wingard at the USGS Paleontology Laboratory in Reston. Core samples will be examined under a binocular microscope to observe diagnostic characteristics and compared to published species. Clay squeezes or latex casts will be made of the molluscan molds where appropriate to aid in identification. Identification of benthic foraminifera to be conducted by Edward Robinson at the University of West Indies. Thin section samples will be examined petrographically to observed diagnostic features for identification of foraminiferal type and associated depositional environments. H. Allen Curran, Smith College, will assist in study of the relation between ichnology and highly permeable ground-water flow zones. Research will include Computed Tomography (CT-scan) digitization of highly permeable ichnofacies from the Biscayne aquifer and core analyses. Interpretation of cyclostratigraphy and hydrostratigraphy and development of a new karst hydrgeologic framework for the 8 new coreholes between ENP and BNP is in progress. 3-D computer-aided tomographic (CT) renderings were produced of solid and porous portions of 6 very-highly permeable limestone samples that represent ichnofacies-dominated-porosity of the Biscayne aquifer from University of Texas-Austin CT- Imaging Laboratory. Images are used in lattice Boltzmann modeling and in production of solid-epoxy 3-dimensional models of macroporous limestone representative of the Biscayne aquifer to be used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) experiments. 4. Hydrologic modeling Final programming and benchmark testing of the Conduit Flow Process (CFP) was completed. The CFP creates new ability for MODFLOW-2005 to simulate a dual-porosity aquifer, such as the karst Biscayne aquifer. Experiments continued at Florida Internatioanl University-Depaartment of Geological Sciences to implement use of lattice Boltzmann modeling to calculate macroporosity and hydraulic conductivity of a representative very-highly permeable ichnofacies-dominated-porous zone of the Biscayne aquifer. This group calculated macroporosity and intrinsic permeability on computer renderings of 7 macroporous limestone samples representative of ground-water flow zones within the Biscayne aquifer using lattice Boltzmann computer modeling methods. They also demonstrated that they can create 3-dimensional computized volume renderings from digital optical borehole wall images and compute macroporosity and intrinsic permeability from these data. One group member expedited the production of a 3-dimensionnal solid-epoxy model of a macroporous limestone outcrop sample of the Biscayne aquifer for use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) experiments at the New Mexico Resonance Laboratory during FY08. 5. Seismic interpretation: Multi-channel high-resolution marine reflection seismic surveys were run over approximately 65 nautical line-miles (nmi) of program consisting of about 9 lines in Biscayne National Park, and 2 lines east of Elliot Key partly outside the Park boundary. This data will be processed and interpreted during FY08. Interpretation with be done using seismic interpretation software on a desktop PC. A group member began acquiring aquatic geochemical data every 2 weeks and instrumented a cave within a karstified hammock in Everglades National Park. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Government Process_Date: 2007 Process_Step: Process_Description: Core hole drilling At least one test corehole will be installed on Elliott Key or Boca Chita Key in Biscayne National Park and available for research requirements of this study and future research needs, such as, selected samples for use in Computed Tomography (CT-scan) renderings that can be used for quantification of permeability using Lattice-Boltzmann modeling, a critical component of developing ground-water modeling procedures. Process_Date: 2008 Process_Step: Process_Description: Geophysical logging Processing of sonic data to be accomplished using LogCruncher software. Use of flowmeter and fluid-temperature and resistivity data assists in selection of preferred ground-water flow paths in the karst Biscayne aquifer. Task will produce data necessary to produce a conceptual karst hydrogeologic model by integrating core analyses, (including molluscan and benthic foraminiferal data and interpretation of lithofacies, ichnofacies, and depositional facies), borehole geophysical logs, cyclostratigraphy, and hydrologic data. Digital borehole image log computerized volume renderings can be used for quantification of permeability using Lattice-Boltzmann modeling, a critical component of developing ground-water modeling procedures. Electronic files of geophysical logs will be archived as electronic files at the USGS-FISC-CWRS office, and paper copies and PDF file versions of log montages of all geophysical logs will be produced using WellCAD software. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Government Process_Date: Not complete Process_Step: Process_Description: Cyclostratigraphy and hydrostratigraphy Integrate data from core descriptions, thin-section petrography, paleontology of mollusks and foraminifers, ichnology (trace fossils), construction of hydrogeologic cross sections, and measurement of porosity and permeability of core samples to develop a high-resolution conceptual karst hydrogeologic framework of the Biscayne aquifer in the study area. Task will produce a conceptual karst hydrogeologic model by integrating core analyses, (including molluscan and benthic foraminiferal data and interpretation of lithofacies, ichnofacies, and depositional facies), borehole geophysical logs, cyclostratigraphy, and hydrologic data. Core samples to be described using a 10-power hand lens and binocular microscope to determine vertical patterns of microfacies, ichnofacies, sedimentary structures, and lithostratigraphic boundaries, to characterize porosity, and to estimate 'relative' permeability. Limestones to be classified by combining the schemes of Dunham (1962), Embry and Klovan (1971), and Lucia (1995). Core-sample descriptions to be classified as rock-fabric facies and presented graphically. Horizontal and vertical permeability of numerous whole-core samples and porosity and grain density to be measured at Core Laboratories, Inc., Midland, Texas. Borehole images acquired from each test corehole in Task 1 will be used to quantify vuggy porosity using a method described in Cunningham and others (2004, Journal of Applied Geophysics). Molluscan analyses to be conducted by G. Lynn Wingard at the USGS Paleontology Laboratory in Reston. Core samples will be examined under a binocular microscope to observed diagnostic characteristics and compared to published species. Clay squeezes or latex casts will be made of the molluscan molds where appropriate to aid in identification. Identification of benthic foraminifera to be conducted by Edward Robinson at the University of West Indies. Thin section samples will be examined petrographically to observed diagnostic features for identification of foraminiferal type and associated depositional environments. H. Allen Curran, Smith College, will assist in study of the relation between ichnology and highly permeable ground-water flow zones. Research will include Computed Tomography (CT-scan) digitization of highly permeable ichnofacies from the Biscayne aquifer and core analyses. Dr. Mike Sukop, Florida International University, and his postdoctoral student will conduct calculations of porosity and permeability computer renderings of volumes representative of Biscayne aquifer macroporosity and rock matrix created from use of geostatistical and fractal approaches incorporating data from digital borehole images of the full thickness of the Biscayne aquifer and from CT-scanned renderings of rock samples from the Biscayne aquifer. Constuction of two-dimensional hydrogeologic cross sections. Development of a three-dimensional conceptual hydrogeologic framework of area encompassed by approximately 21 new coreholes. Model will be output using Environmental Visualization Systems NT-PRO software. STL files of digitized CT scans of porous limestone for use in VRML software. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Government Process_Date: Not complete Process_Step: Process_Description: Seismic aquisition and interpretation In FY09, multi-channel high-resolution marine reflection seismic surveys weres run over approximately 45 nautical line-miles (nmi) of program consisting of about 4 lines in canals between the Everglades wetlands and Biscayne Bay. This data will be processed and interpreted during FY09. Interpretation with be done using Seismic Micro-TechnologyTM seismic interpretation software on a desktop PC. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Government Process_Date: 2010 Process_Step: Process_Description: Hydrologic modeling Quantification of hydraulic conductivity of highly-permeable ground-water flow zone of the Biscayne aquifer using Lattce-Boltzmann modeling. Test use of porosity and permeability relations derived from lattice Boltzmann modeling with the MODFLOW-2000 Hydrogeologic Unit Flow package, and begin application of parameter estimation techniques to apportion the bulk permeability values to individual Biscayne aquifer flow zones. Professor Michael C. Sukop, Florida International University, will supervise postdoctoral research on the application of lattice Boltzmann modeling to conduct calculations of porosity and permeability computer renderings of volumes representative of Biscayne aquifer macroporosity and rock matrix created from use of geostatistical and fractal approaches incorporating data from digital borehole images of the full thickness of the Biscayne aquifer.The methods are to compute the permeability of important ground-water flow zones in the Biscayne aquifer and simulate flow in different sized computer renderings of aquifer volumes at varying Reynolds numbers. Methods for incorporating the results into large-scale models will be considered. Continued use of MODFLOW-2005 and the Conduit Flow Process package developed by Barclay Shoemaker (USGS), which is currently undergoing testing at CWRS may be continued to be tested for modeling ground-water flow in the Biscayne aquifer, since equivalent porous media models are likely less reliable in linking high permeability ground-water flow paths and low permeability matrix. The results will include submittal of one journal article on application of lattice-Boltzmann modeling to calculation of permeability in the Biscayne aquifer. One journal article on the Conduit Flow Process package is in journal review, one USGS report on documentation of the Conduit Flow Process package has been approved for publication, one journal article on integration of lattice Boltzmann modeling and hydrgeologic results is in preparation, and one Master’s Thesis at Florida International University on application of lattice Boltzmann modeling to Biscayne aquifer material has been completed. Process_Date: Not complete Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Kevin Cunningham Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 3110 SW 9th Ave. City: Ft. Lauderdale State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33315 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 954 377-5913 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 954 377-5901 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: kcunning@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: USGS Mendenhall Postdoctoral Research Two projects are being undertaken as post-doctoral research. The first investigates the geochemistry, microbiology, and isotopic fractionation of surface water, cave water, and shallow groundwater in a karstified limestone hammock of Everglades National Park. The project is designed to increase understanding of karst processes (especially cave formation) within the Biscayne aquifer between the Everglades National Park and Biscayne National Park and possible role in fresh ground-water flows. A second project explores the use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) imaging to quantify the hydraulic properties of groundwater flow through preferred flow units in the Biscayne aquifer. The cave study in Everglades National Park measures and examines 1) the variation of the calcite saturation index through seasonal changes of water levels and recharge, 2) organic and inorganic carbon flux from the surface through the porous rock and into a cave, and 3) the role of bacteria in the dissolution of the limestone rock of the Everglades. The MRI study is designed to use existing digital reproductions of intensely-burrowed limestone samples by using Computerized Tomography (CT-scans). A subset of these digital data form the basis for benchtop 3-dimensional replicas produced using prototype printers. The intent is to use MRI to reveal the velocity vectors of flowing water in the model and allow the evaluation of the advective and dispersive properties of preferred flow zones of the Biscayne aquifer. These data should provide a benchmark for concurrent numerical models using Lattice-Boltzman techniques. Process_Date: Not complete Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Kevin Cunningham Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 3110 SW 9th Ave. City: Ft. Lauderdale State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33315 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 954 377-5913 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 954 377-5901 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: kcunning@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Indirect_Spatial_Reference: Biscayne aquifer Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20110509 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Heather Henkel Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 Fourth Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 803-8747 ext 3028 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727 803-2030 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sofia-metadata@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Access_Constraints: none Metadata_Use_Constraints: This metadata record may have been copied from the SOFIA website and may not be the most recent version. Please check http://sofia.usgs.gov/metadata to be sure you have the most recent version.