Edward R. German Sandra Kinnaman 2004 text files http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/evapotrans/ The overall objective is to develop a process-oriented appraisal of evapotranspiration within the Everglades drainage unit, excluding agricultural and brackish environments. Specific objectives include: 1) Field measurement of evapotranspiration at a variety of sites encompassing a regionally representative range of environmental factors.; 2) Integration of evapotranspiration estimates into a process-oriented model; 3) Verification and refinement of model using ET measurements at additional sites. Everglades restoration efforts will rely heavily upon development of hydrologic flow models that will be used to help guide restoration and management decisions. Any hydrologic model requires an assessment of the water budget, including the amount of water removed from the system by evapotranspiration (ET). ET is a major part of the water budget in the Everglades, being similar in magnitude to rainfall. The Everglades ET project provides the necessary ET data, and methods of estimating ET throughout the Everglades system, that are required by all flow models. 199410 200309 ground condition Complete None planned -80.83 -80.26 26.76 25.29 none hydrology water budget ET evapotranspiration model ISO 19115 Topic Category environment inlandWaters climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere 004 007 012 Department of Commerce, 1995, Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions, Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 10-4, Washington, DC, National Institute of Standards and Technology United States US U.S. Department of Commerce, 1987, Codes for the identification of the States, the District of Columbia and the outlying areas of the United States, and associated areas (Federal Information Processing Standard 5-2): Washington, DC, NIST Florida FL Department of Commerce, 1990, Counties and Equivalent Entities of the United States, Its Possessions, and Associated Areas, FIPS 6-3, Washington, DC, National Institute of Standards and Technology Miami-Dade County Monroe County none Central Everglades Water Conservation Area 1 Water Conservation Area 2 Water Conservation Area 3 WCA1 WCA2 WCA3 USGS Geographic Names Information System Shark River Slough Taylor Slough Everglades National Park Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge none These data are subject to change and are not citeable until reviewed and approved for official publication. Sandra Kinnaman U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

12703 Research Parkway

Orlando FL 32826 USA 407 803-5541 kinnaman@usgs.gov http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/evapotrans/regeval1b.gif The Everglades and locations of evapotranspiration (ET) stations GIF Dave Stannard, USGS NRP, Denver, has provided project operation and data analysis during the project. Eddie Simonds has also helped on the project. ASCII text files Edward R. German 2000 report Water Resources investigations Report 00-4217 Tallahassee, FL U.S. Geological Survey http://fl.water.usgs.gov/Abstracts/wri00_4217_german.html German, E. R. 1999 report Third International Symposium on Ecohydraulics Proceedings Salt Lake City, UT International Association for Hydraulic Research http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/papers/evalET/ German, E. R. 2002 report Second Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference Proceedings Las Vegas, NV Subcommittee on Hydrology, of the Advisory Committee on Water Information Ohmura, A. 1982 report Journal of Applied Meteorology v. 21 Boston, MA American Meteorological Society not applicable Not all sites have data for the 13 parameters collected. A network of ET-measurement sites was established in the Everglades in 1996, representing the various types of hydrologic and vegetative environments. Eight sites were operated in 1996 and nine sites were operated in 1997. Data from these sites were used to characterize ET and other meteorological conditions in the Everglades, and to develop models of ET as a function of solar radiation and water level. A report describing these findings was published in 2000. Data collection continued at selected sites during 1998-2000 to provide data for other studies involved with understanding water levels and flows in the Everglades. In 2000, new sites were established in Shark Valley Slough, to test transferability of models developed using 1996-97 data, and to refine the understanding of factors related to ET. As of January 2003 there were five continuous ET sites in the Everglades National Park. The original sites were selected to provide a network representative of the non-forested portion of the Everglades ecosystem in terms of plant communities, duration of water inundation (hydroperiod), and geographic coverage. Other factors in site selections were security and logistics. Sites in areas open to hunting and air boating were located in relatively remote locations and not on major air boat trails. Each site was located at the center of a circle of relatively uniform vegetative cover with a radius of at least 100 times the height of the upper air temperature/humidity sensor. Stations were instrumented to provide data for: determination of total energy available for ET (latent heat flux) and convection (sensible heat flux); determination of the Bowen ratio (the ratio sensible heat flux/ latent heat flux), so that the amount of the total available energy that was utilized for ET could be determined; and characterization of meteorological conditions and ET-model development using ancillary data. The array and arrangement of data sensors at the sites were dependent on whether the site was in open water or in dense, emergent vegetation. The major difference between open-water sites and vegetated sites is the method of determining the air-temperature and humidity differential with height, which is necessary for computation of the Bowen ratio. At the two open-water sites (sites 2 and 3), the air temperature and humidity differentials were measured from the water surface to a point 3-4 feet above the water surface. At the seven vegetated sites (sites 1, 4-9) the differentials were measured between two points in air, 3-5 feet apart. At each site, sensor measurements were made automatically every 30-seconds and these measurements were averaged and stored onsite at 15- or 30- minute intervals. These data were then transmitted daily by cellular telephone to computer storage in the office. Data were reviewed on a daily basis to detect equipment breakdown and sensor malfunction. Site visits were made at approximately monthly intervals for routine scheduled maintenance and cleaning, or more frequently when malfunctions occurred. Data were collected from January 1996 through December 1997 for sites 1, 2, 3, and 5. Data were collected from January 1996 through December 1999 for site 4, from December 1996 through December 1998 for site 6, and from January 1996 through December 2000 for sites 7 and 8. Site 9 was installed in January 1997 to increase representation of drier parts of the Everglades; site 9 furnished data from January 1997 through December 1997. Only data that passed screening tests for accuracy were used to develop the models of ET. The screening tests were based on range limits, visual inspection of plotted net radiation, temperature and humidity readings to eliminate periods when sensors were obviously malfunctioning, and on criteria given by Ohmura (1982). These criteria specified that flux calculations are inappropriate if the calculated latent heat flux is in the opposite direction from the observed vapor-pressure vertical difference. Such a situation would indicate an error in determination of either the energy budget or the vapor-pressure or temperature vertical differences. Ohmura also recommended that Bowen-ratio calculations be rejected if temperature or vapor-pressure vertical differences are at or less than sensor resolution limits. Resolution limits for this study are 0.013 degree Celsius for vertical temperature differences and 0.003 kilopascal (kPa) for vapor-pressure differences. These screening criteria eliminated about one-half of the available data from model development, mostly because of sensor failure and resolution limits. Most of the data rejected because of resolution limits or flux directions were for night-time hours, when energy inputs, air-temperature vertical differences, and vapor-pressure vertical differences are all relatively low. Sites were visited at 4-6 week intervals for inspection and maintenance. Maintenance generally included the following items: Ventilator fans - Clean and replace, if not operating Net radiometer domes - Clean and replace, if damaged. Replace radiometer if water damaged Radiation shields (air temperature and humidity) - Clean Air temperature and humidity sensors - Clean, replace sensors, if necessary. Water-level sensor - Raise float and check for proper response. Rain gage - Check for obstructions, clear if necessary; test calibration periodically. Water temperature sensors - Check for proper position and reading. Net radiometers and pyranometer - Check for level, adjust if necessary. Sensor exchange mechanism - Check for smooth operation, replace as necessary. Field verification of air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and wind direction using handheld meters. The net radiometer domes required the most frequent maintenance. These domes, made of soft transparent polyethylene, shield the sensors from moisture, wind, or debris that could affect sensor performance. Problems encountered included crushing by hail, pecking by birds, and gradual deterioration of the polyethylene. Domes were changed at 3-month intervals, or sooner if damage occurred. If the domes were cracked, punctured, or there was evidence of water penetration into the sensor, the entire net radiometer was replaced. Air temperature and humidity sensors failed frequently during the first year of operation, due to corrosion of electrical contacts. A change in sensor design resulted in much-improved service life of these sensors during the second year of operation. The sensor exchange mechanisms were subject to occasional failure, generally due to mechanical wear or water penetration into the control circuitry. Net radiation is measured directly by the net radiometers, but the measured value is affected by wind speed and must be corrected. The wind correction factor was calculated from wind measured at the sites using procedures described by C. Fritchen of REBS, Inc. in a personal communication. Soil heat flux was measured at all vegetated sites, but was not measured at the open-water sites because these sites were always covered by water, generally to a depth of more than 1 ft. At the vegetated sites the soil heat flux was determined from the sum of heat flux measured by a heat-flux plate buried 5 centimeters (cm) below the land surface and the change in heat stored in the soil profile above the plate. Water heat storage was calculated at all sites whenever water was standing on the water surface. At open-water sites with little or no emergent vegetation, the air-temperature and vapor-pressure differentials necessary for the Bowen-ratio determination are determined from measurements of water temperature at the water surface and air temperature and vapor pressure at a point 3 to 4 ft above the water surface. The water-surface temperature is measured by using a float -mounted thermocouple, and is assumed to represent the air temperature at the water-air interface. The vapor pressure at that point is assumed to be equivalent to 100 percent relative humidity. Because the differences between water surface and air are much greater than differences in the air over similar distances, the effect of air and vapor pressure sensor bias is negligible. Therefore, the sensor exchange mechanism is not required and only one air temperature /vapor pressure sensor is needed at such sites. See WRIR 00-4217 (http://fl.water.usgs.gov/PDF_files/wri00_4217_german.pdf) for more detail and the formulas used in the calculations. 2004 ET station operation ended Sept. 30, 2003. All sites were removed by November 2003. Data analysis and modeling Data processing will be completed for all sites, to provide actual ET data, together with related meteorological data. 2004 Sandra Kinnaman U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

12703 Research Parkway

Orlando FL 32826 USA 407 803-5541 kinnaman@usgs.gov Everglades Point Point 13 1 1 Degrees, minutes, and decimal seconds North American Datum of 1983 Geodetic Reference System 80 6378137 298.257 Heather S.Henkel U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

600 Fourth St. South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 803-8747 ext 3028 727 803-2030 hhenkel@usgs.gov Evapotranspiration Data The data have no implied or explicit guarantees ASCII File contains data for sites 1-9, 1996-2000 File is zipped and needs to be "unzipped" before use 20.8 http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/german/germanet.html Data may be downloaded from the SOFIA website None Heather S.Henkel U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

600 Fourth St. South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 803-8747 ext 3028 727 803-2030 hhenkel@usgs.gov german - water budget data No warrantees are implied or explicit for the data ASCII tab-delimited text files Each file contains data for one of the four sites sampled for water budget 2.8 http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/german/germanwb.html Data may be downloaded from the SOFIA website none Sandra Kinnaman U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

12703 Research Parkway

Orlando FL 32826 USA 407 803-5541 kinnaman@usgs.gov german - rainfall data No warrantees are implied or explicit for the data unknown none For this data, please contact Sandra Kinnaman 20070608 20070605 Heather Henkel U.S. Geological Survey mailing and physical address

600 Fourth Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 803-8747 ext 3028 727 803-2030 sofia-metadata@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998