Debra A. Willard 2006 spreadsheet http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/eh_fleco/ Analysis of 209 pollen assemblages from surface samples in ten vegetation types in the Florida Everglades form the basis to identify wetland sub-environments from the pollen record. This calibration dataset makes it possible to infer past trends in hydrology and disturbance regime based on pollen assemblages preserved in sediment cores. Pollen assemblages from sediment cores collected in different vegetation types throughout the Everglades provide evidence on wetland response to natural fluctuations in climate as well as impacts of human alteration of Everglades hydrology. Sediment cores were located primarily in sawgrass marshes, cattail marshes, tree islands, sawgrass ridges, sloughs, marl prairies, and mangroves. The datasets contain raw data on pollen abundance as well as pollen concentration (pollen grains per gram dry sediment). This project is designed to document the terrestrial ecosystem history of south Florida and is collaborating with other projects at the USGS and other agencies on Florida Bay, Biscayne Bay, and the Buttonwood Embankment. The specific goals of the project are 1) document the patterns of floral and faunal change at sites throughout southern Florida over the last 150 years; 2) determine whether changes occurred throughout the entire region or whether they were localized; 3) examine the floral and faunal history of the region over the last few millennia; 4) determine the baseline level of variability in the communities prior to significant human activity in the region; and 5) determine whether the fire frequency, extent, and influence can be quantified, and if so, document the fire history for sites in the region. Data generated from this project will be integrated with data from other projects to provide biotic reconstructions for the area at selected time slices and will be useful in testing ecological models designed to predict floral and faunal response to changes in environmental parameters. 1994 2007 ground condition Complete as needed -81.83 -80.3 26.5 25 none ecosystem history vegetational history palynology pollen analysis charcoal biology geology ecology marl prairies sawgrass ridge slough ridge and slough landscape ISO 19115 Topic Category environment geoscientificInformation inlandWaters 007 008 012 Department of Commerce, 1995, Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions, Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 10-4, Washington, D.C., National Institute of Standards and Technology United States US U.S. Department of Commerce, 1987, Codes for the identification of the States, the District of Columbia and the outlying areas of the United States, and associated areas (Federal Information Processing Standard 5-2): Washington, D. C., NIST Florida FL Department of Commerce, 1990, Counties and Equivalent Entities of the United States, Its Possessions, and Associated Areas, FIPS 6-3, Washington, DC, National Institute of Standards and Technology Collier County Broward County Palm Beach County Miami-Dade County Monroe County USGS Geographic Names Information System Everglades National Park Big Cypress National Preserve Florida Bay Manatee Bay Pass Key Biscayne Bay none Central Everglades South East Coast SW Big Cypress WCA1 WCA2 WCA3 Water Conservation Area 1 Water Conservation Area 2 Water Conservation Area 3 Taylor Creek Russell Bank none surficial peat/soil/sediment none None. Acknowledgement of the U.S. Geological Survey would be appreciated for products derived from these data. Debra A Willard U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

926A National Center

Reston VA 20192 703 648 5320 703 648 6953 dwillard@usgs.gov http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/willard/pollendata-map.gif map showing surface sample locations for the 1960's, 1995, & 1998 GIF http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/willard/Willardetal2001sitemapx.gif map showing 2001 sample site localities GIF http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/willard/Willardetal2002sitemapx.gif map showing 2002 sample site locations GIF http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/willard/EvergladesCoreMap5-07x.jpg map showing all cores collected through 2007 JPEG Project personnel included Anne Bates, Christopher Bernhardt, Patrick Buchanan, Margo Corum, Julie Damon, Charles Holmes, David Korejwo, Bryan Landacre, Harry Lerch, Marci Marot, James Murray, William Orem, Tom Sheehan, Neil Waibel, Lisa Weimer (deceased), and Debra Willard. Analyses were done using Macintosh-based software. Data are stored as Excel spreadsheets Willard, Debra A. Weimer, Lisa M. 1997 report USGS Open-File Report 97-0867 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey http://pubs.usgs.gov/pdf/of/ofr97867.html Willard, Debra A. 1997 report USGS Open-File Report 97-0497 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey http://pubs.usgs.gov/pdf/of/ofr97497.html Willard, Debra A. Bernhardt, Christopher E.; Weimer, Lisa (deceased); Gamez, Desire; Cooper, Sherri R.; Jensen, Jennifer 2004 report Palynology 28 Arlington, TX American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Posted with permission from Palynology and the American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/papers/pollen_atlas/ Marshall, Curtis H. Pielke, Roger A., Sr.; Steyaert, Louis T.; Willard, Debra A. 200401 report Monthly Weather Review v. 132, n. 1 Boston, MA American Meterological Society Permission to post a copy of this work on the SOFIA server has been provided by the American Meterological Society http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/papers/cover_weather/ Willard, Debra A. Weimer, Lisa M.; Riegel, W. L. 2001 report Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology v. 113, n. 4 Amsterdam, The Netherlands Elsevier Science B.V. The full article is available via journal subscription or single article purchase. The abstract may be viewed on the Science Direct website by selecting the volume and issue number. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00346667 Willard, D. A. Holmes, C. W.; Korvela, M. S.; Mason, D.; Murray, J. B.; Orem, W. H.; Towles, T. 200302 book chapter Dordrecht, Netherlands Kluwer Academic Publishers in Tree Islands of the Everglades Sklar, F. H. and van der Valk A. (editors) http://sofia.usgs.gov/sfrsf/rooms/wild_wet_eco/tree_islands/index.html Willard, D. A. Orem, W. H. 2003 report U.SGS Open-File Report 03-26 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/03-26/ Bernhardt, C. E. Willard, D. A.; Marot, M.; Holmes, C. W. 2004 report USGS Open-File Report 2004-1448 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/2004-1448/ Willard, D. A. Holmes, C. W.; Weimer, L. M. 2001 paper Bulletins of American Paleontology v. 361 Ithica, NY Paleontological Research Institute in Paleoecology of South Florida, B. R. Wardlaw, ed. Grimm, E. C. 1992 paper Computers & Geosciences v. 13, issue 1 Amsterdam, The Netherlands Elsevier Science, Ltd. The abstract may be viewed online at the Science Direct website. The full article is available for purchase from the Science Direct website. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00983004 Traverse, A. 1988 book Boston, MA Unwin Hyman Stockmarr, J. 1971 report Pollen et Spores v. 13 Paris, France Museum national d'histoire naturelle Overpeck, J. T. Webb, III, T.; Prentice, I. C. 1985 report Quaternary Research v 23, issue 1 Amsterdam, Netherlands Elsevier Science, Ltd. The abstract may be viewed online at the Science Direct website. The full article is available for purchase from the Science Direct website. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00335894 Willard, D. A. 2004 factsheet USGS Fact Sheet 2004-3095 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3095 Bernhardt, C.E Willard, D. A. 2007 report USGS Open-File Report 2006-1355 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/ofr/ofr20061355 Willard, D. A. Cronin, T. M. 2007 report Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment vol. 5, issue 9 ithica, NY Ecological Society of America The full article is available via journal subscription or single article purchase. The abstract may be viewed at the URL below by selecting the article. http://www.esajournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-archive&issn=1540-9295&volume=5&issue=9 Willard, D. A. Bernhardt, C. E.; Holmes, C. W.; Landacre, B.; Marot, M. 2006 report Ecological Monographs v. 76, n. 4 Ithica, NY Ecological Society of America The full article is available via journal subscription or single article purchase. The abstract may be viewed at the URL below by selecting the article. http://www.esajournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-toc&issn=0012-9615&volume=76&issue=4 Langeland, K. 1990 report Circular 868 Florida Florida Coooperative Extension Service Flynn, W. W. 1968 report Analytica Chimica Acta v. 43 Amsterdam, The Netherlands Elsevier B. V. The abstract may be viewed online at the Science Direct website. The full article is available for purchase from the Science Direct website. Stuiver, M. Reimer, P. J. 1993 report Radiocarbon v. 35, n. 1 Talma, A. S. Vogel, J. C. 1993 report Radiocarbon v. 35, n. 2 Tucson, AZ University of Arizona Benninghoff, W. S. 1962 report Pollen et Spores v. 4 Paris, France Museum national d'histoire naturelle Maher, L. J., Jr 1981 report Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology v. 32, issues 2-3 Amsterdam, The Netherlands Elsevier Science B. V. The full article is available via journal subscription or single article purchase. The abstract may be viewed on the Science Direct website by selecting the volume and issue number. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00346667 Stockmarr, J. 1973 report Arbog v. 1972, p. 87-89 Copenhagen, Denmark Danmarks Geologiske Undersogelse Vogel, J. C. Fuls, A.; Visser, E,; Becker, B. 1993 report Radiocarbon v. 35, n. 1 Tucson, Arizona University of Arizona All cores were taken using the same techniques The cores were selected for analysis based on x-rays taken of the cores. Those cores selected for further analysis were selected on the basis of laminations or other features which indicated a lack of disturbance. The locations of the sampling sites were established by GPS. Coring Procedure Sediment cores were collected using a piston corer with a 10 cm diameter core barrel. The core barrel was pushed through the sediments until it contacted the underlying limestone at all sites except in Loxahatchee NWR, where peat thicknesses in excess of 2 meters would require alternative coring strategies. After core collection, sediment was extruded from the core barrel and sampled it at 1 cm increments for the upper 20 cm and at 2 cm increments at greater depths. Sediment lithology was described as samples were extruded. Samples were dried in a 50 deg C oven and subsampled sediments at the base of each core and at 20 cm increments above the base for radiocarbon dating. Bulk peats were dated using conventional radiocarbon dating 1997 Geochronology Age models for the last century of deposition are based on 210Pb (lead-210) and, where applicable, first occurrences of pollen of the exotic plant Casuarina which was introduced to south Florida in the late 19th century (Langeland, 1990). Lead-210 (210Pb) activity was measured by alpha spectroscopy using the method outlined in Flynn (1968) in which 210Pb and its progeny, polonium-210 (210Po), are assumed to be in secular equilibrium. Supported 210Pb activity was determined by continuing measurements until activity became constant with depth. Excess 210Pb activity was calculated by subtracting the supported 210Pb activity from the total 210Pb activity. Accumulation rates were calculated by fitting an exponential decay curve to the measured data using least squares optimization and making the assumptions of a constant initial excess lead-210 concentration (the CIC [constant initial concentration] model). In pre-20th century sediments, models are derived from linear interpolation between radiocarbon data points obtained on bulk sediment samples, which were calibrated to calendar years using the Pretoria Calibration Procedure (Stuiver et al., 1993; Talma and Vogel, 1993; Vogel et al., 1993). The shorter hydroperiods and shallower water depths on tree-island heads result in seasonal drying and oxidation of sediments. We have noted that radiocarbon dates from tree-island head sediments appear to be artificially old relative to those in the tail and adjacent marsh. Cores collected in the near tail, directly downstream from the head, have radiocarbon dates and vegetational trends that are consistent both internally and with adjacent wetlands. Therefore, we used cores from the near tail as our representative sites to detect vegetation changes on teardrop-shaped tree islands and for comparison with patterns documented in the adjacent marsh. 1997 Analysis of Pollen Assemblages Approximately 0.5-1.0 gram of dry sediment was used for palynological analysis. Pollen and spores were isolated from these samples using standard palynological techniques (Traverse, 1988; Willard et al, 2001a,b). After drying and weighing samples, Lycopodium marker tablets with known concentrations of Lycopodium spores were added to approximately 0.5 g of sediment for calculation of absolute pollen concentrations (Stockmarr, 1971). The samples were first acetolyzed (9 parts acetic anhydride : 1 part sulfuric acid) in a hot-water bath (100 deg C) for 10 minutes, then neutralized, and treated with 10% KOH in a hot-water bath for 15 minutes. Neutralized samples were sieved with 10 µm and 200 µm sieves, and the 10-200 µm fraction was stained with Bismarck Brown, mixed with warm glycerin jelly, and mounted on microscope slides. Raw data for pollen samples are reposited in the North American Pollen Database (NAPD) at the World Data Center for Paleoclimatology in Boulder, CO (http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/pollen.html) and at the US Geological Survey South Florida Information Access (SOFIA) site (http://sofia.usgs.gov). Pollen and spore identification (minimally 300 grains per sample) was based on reference collections of the United States Geological Survey (Reston, VA) and Willard et al. (2004). Absolute pollen concentrations were calculated using the marker-grain method described by Benninghoff (1962). Marker tablets of Lycopodium spores were the source of the exotic grains, and the quantity of Lycopodium spores in the marker tablets was determined by the manufacturer with a Coulter Counter following the procedures of Stockmarr (1973). Absolute pollen concentration was calculated using the formula (Maher, 1981): Pconc=RM/V, Where: Pconc = pollen per gram dry sediment; R=pollen grains counted/marker grains counted; M=marker grains added; V=dry weight of sediment Our interpretations of past plant communities are based on the quantitative method of modern analogs (Overpeck et al., 1985). We calculated squared chord distance (SCD) between down-core pollen assemblages and a suite of 197 surface samples collected throughout southern Florida in the early 1960s and 1995-2002 (Willard et al., 2001b and this research) to define the similarity between each fossil and modern pollen assemblage. Internal comparison among surface samples from ten vegetation types indicates that samples with SCD values < 0.15 may be considered close analogs (Willard et al., 2001b). If analogs were present for a fossil assemblage, we identified the source vegetation for the fossil assemblage as one of the twelve types represented in the modern database. We divided cores into pollen zones based on a combination of visual inspection, objective zonation using CONISS (Grimm, 1992), and modern analogs. 2007 Debra A Willard U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

926A National Center

Reston VA 20192 703 648 5320 703 648 6953 dwillard@usgs.gov South Florida Point Point 209 0.001 0.001 Degrees and decimal minutes North American Datum of 1983 Geodetic Reference System 80 6378137 298.257 For the Florida and Biscayne Bays Pollen Data each dataset contains the pollen concentration by species and depth in the core. For the South Florida Pollen Data the data for each collection site include the sample id and raw abundance data for each species identified. In the 1960s dataset, raw abundance was back-calculated from percentage data because original raw data was unavailable. The data for the 1990s dataset include the sample number and map ID and percent abundance for each species. See the individual datasets for the species found at the sites. USGS personnel Heather S.Henkel U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

600 Fourth St. South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 803-8747 ext 3028 727 803-2030 hhenkel@usgs.gov South Florida pollen data The data have no implied or explicit guarantees MS Excel unknown Each file contains data for a specific time period http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/willard/willardsflpollen.html Excel files for pollen data from the 1960's and 1990's, 2001 and 2002 are available from the SOFIA website. none Heather S.Henkel U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

600 Fourth St. South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 803-8747 ext 3028 727 803-2030 hhenkel@usgs.gov Florida and Biscayne Bays Pollen Data The data have no implied or explicit guarantees MS Excel unknown Pollen data is available as a separate spreadsheet for individual sample sites http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/willard/willardpollen.html Data may be downloaded from the SOFIA website none 20080428 Heather Henkel U.S. Geological Survey mailing and physical address

600 Fourth Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 803-8747 ext 3028 727 803-2030 sofia-metadata@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998