Cunningham, Kevin J. Carlson, Janine L., Wingard, G. Lynn , Robinson, Edward, Wacker, Michael A. 2005 data tables http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/aq_heterogeneity/#data This report from which the data is taken identifies and characterizes candidate ground-water flow zones in the upper part of the shallow, eogenetic karst limestone of the Biscayne aquifer using GPR, cyclostratigraphy, borehole geophysical logs, continuously drilled cores, and paleontology. About 60 mi of GPR profiles were acquired and are used to calculate the depth to shallow geologic contacts and hydrogeologic units, image karst features, and produce a qualitative perspective of the porosity distribution within the upper part of the karstic Biscayne aquifer in the Lake Belt area of north-central Miami-Dade County. . Descriptions of lithology, rock fabric, cyclostratigraphy, and depositional environments of 50 test coreholes were linked to geophysical data to provide a more refined hydrogeologic framework for the upper part of the Biscayne aquifer. Interpretation of depositional environments was constrained by analysis of depositional textures and molluscan and benthic foraminiferal paleontology. Digital borehole images were used to help quantify large-scale vuggy porosity. Preliminary heat-pulse flowmeter data were coupled with the digital borehole image data to identify potential ground-water flow zones. The objectives of this cooperative project were to identify and characterize candidate ground-water flow zones in the upper part of the shallow, eogenetic karst limestone of the Biscayne aquifer using ground-penetrating radar, cyclostratigraphy, borehole geophysical logs, continuously drilled cores and paleontology. In 1998, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD), initiated a study to provide a regional-scale hydrogeologic framework of a shallow semiconfining unit within the Biscayne aquifer of southeastern Florida. Initially, the primary objective was to characterize and delineate a low-permeability zone in the upper part of the Biscayne aquifer that spans the base of the Miami Limestone and uppermost part of the Fort Thompson Formation. Delineation of this zone was to aid development of a conceptual hydrogeologic model to be used as input into the SFWMD Lake Belt ground-water model. The approximate area encompassed by the conceptual hydrogeologic model is shown as the study area at http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/cunningham/bbwelllocation.html. Subsequent analysis of the preliminary data suggested hydraulic compartmentalization occurred within the Biscayne aquifer, and that there was a need to characterize and delineate ground-water flow zones and relatively low-permeability zones within the upper part of the Biscayne aquifer. Consequently, preliminary results suggested that the historical understanding of the porosity and preferential pathways for Biscayne aquifer ground-water flow required considerable revision. This project was carried out in cooperation with the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD). 1998 2005 ground condition Complete None planned Biscayne aquifer -80.6 -80.3 26 25.5 none wells GPR gound penetrating radar molluscs hydrology benthic foraminifera borehole geophysics cyclostratigraphy surface geophysics geology biology ISO 19115 Topic Category biota environment inlandWaters geoscientificInformation 002 007 008 012 Department of Commerce, 1995, Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions, Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 10-4, Washington, D.C., National Institute of Standards and Technology United States US U.S. Department of Commerce, 1987, Codes for the identification of the States, the District of Columbia and the outlying areas of the United States, and associated areas (Federal Information Processing Standard 5-2): Washington, D. C., NIST Florida FL Department of Commerce, 1990, Counties and Equivalent Entities of the United States, Its Possessions, and Associated Areas, FIPS 6-3, Washington, DC, National Institute of Standards and Technology Miami-Dade County USGS Geographic Names Information System Everglades National Park none South East Coast Lake Belt none Biscayne aquifer Fort Thompson Formation Miami Limestone none animals invertebrates mollusks Turgeon, D. D., Quinn, J. F., Jr., Bogan, A. E., Coan, E. V., Hochberg, F. G., Lyons, W. G., Mikkelsen, P. M., Neves, R. J., Roper, C. F. E., Rosenberg, G., Roth, B., Scheltema, A., Thompson, F. G., Vecchione, M., Williams, J. D. 1998 book Special Publication 26 Bethesda, MD American Fisheries Society Mollusks from 46 samples collected from 12 test coreholes were prepared and identified at the USGS Paleontology Laboratory in Reston, Va. Most of the mollusks present in the strata were preserved as molds and casts. Core samples were initially examined under a binocular microscope to observe diagnostic characteristics of the molluscan remains and to make identifications based on their comparison with published species. Clay squeezes or latex casts were made of the molluscan molds where appropriate to aid in identification. After initial identifications were made, samples were split open to expose fresh surfaces and the process repeated. Identification of benthic foraminifera was made at the genus level, where possible, for 67 thin sections selected by lithology from five test coreholes. Six biofacies were recognized. Kingdom Animalia Phylum Mollusca molluscs mollusks Class Gastropoda gastropods escargots snails Order Neotaenioglossa Family Modulidae Genus Modulus Family Cerithiidae Genus Cerithium Family Turritellidae Genus Turritella Class Bivalvia bivalves clams Subclass Heterodonta Order Veneroida Superfamily Cardiacea Family Cardiidae Genus Trachycardium Superfamily Veneroidea Family Veneridae Genus Lirophora Genus Dosinia Genus Chione Species Chione cancellata Superfamily Lucinoidea Family Lucinidae Genus Anodontia Genus Codakia Genus Lucina Species Lucina pensylvanica Pennsylvania lucine Genus Lucinisca Species Lucinisca nassula woven lucine none none Kevin Cunningham U.S. Geological Survey mailing and physical address

3110 SW 9th Ave.

Ft. Lauderdale FL 33315 USA 954 377-5913 954 377-5901 kcunning@usgs.gov http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/cunningham/bbwelllocation.html Figure 1: map showing study area, Federal and State lands, and agricultural areas in southern Florida JPEG http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/cunningham/bbwelllocation.html Figure 2: map showing location of test corehole location and number GIF Several USGS employees assisted with this study. Dick Hodges and Alton Anderson provided initial support in geophysical logging. Anthony Brown, Debby Arnold, Claude Jean-Poix, David Schmerge, and Marc Stewart assisted with field activities. The USGS Branch of Geophysical Applications and Support provided essential geophysical instrumentation and technical advice during field activities of borehole image processing system (BIPS) and GPR data collection, especially Marc Buursink, Carol Johnson, John Lane, and John Williams. Claude Jean-Poix and Carlos Zarikian assisted with data analysis and illustrations. Joann Dixon created three-dimensional visualization products. John Lane, Robert Renken, Jane Eggleston, Mike Deacon, and Rhonda Howard at the USGS and Florentin Maurrasse at Florida International University provided reviews. Data are in tables (html format). Cunningham, Kevin J. Carlson, Janine L., Wingard, G. Lynn , Robinson, Edward, Wacker, Michael A. 2004 report USGS Water Resources Investigations Report 03-4208 Tallahassee, FL U.S. Geological Survey http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/aq_heterogeneity/index.html Cunningham, Kevin J. Wacker, Michael A. Robinson, Edward Gefvert, Cynthia J. Krupa, Steven L. 2004 map Scientific Investigations Map I-2846 Reston VA U.S. Geolgoical Survey http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/sim/I-2846 Annan, A. P. Davis, J. L. 1976 Journal article Radio Science v. 11 Washington, DC American Geophysical Union Davis, J. L. Annan, A. P. 1989 Journal article Geophysical Prospecting v. 37, no. 5 The Hague, The Netherlands European Association of Exploration Geophysicists Mitchum, Jr, R. M. Vail, P. R. Sangree, J. B. 1977 Journal article AAPG Memoir 26 Tulsa, OK American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) in Seismic Stratigraphy - Applications to hydrocarbon exploration Payton, C. E., ed. Dunham, R. J. 1962 Journal article AAPG Memoir 1 Tulsa, OK American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) in Classification of Carbonate Rocks Ham, W. E., ed. Embry, A. F. Klovan, J. E. 1971 Journal article Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology v. 19, n. 4 Calgary, Canada Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Lucia, F. J. 1995 Journal article AAPG Bulletin v. 79, n. 9 Tulsa, OK American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Geological Society of America 1991 report Boulder, CO Geological Society of America Paillet, F. L. 2000 Journal article Ground Water v. 38, n. 4 Westerville, OH National Ground Water Association Poag, C. W. 1981 book New York, NY Academic Press Rose, P. R. Lidz, Barbara 1977 report Miami, FL University of Miami, Florida Borehole geophysical logs were collected by the USGS in 45 ofthe 50 test coreholes drilled during this study and included induction resistivity, natural gamma ray, spontaneous potential, single-point resistivity, caliper, and digital borehole image logs. See WRI 03-4208 for a more complete description of the data. Borehole geophysical logs were collected by the USGS in 45 of the 50 test coreholes drilled during this study. Borehole geophysical logs were not collected at the G-3694 and G-3697 test coreholes due to problems with locating the well or destruction of the well after drilling. not available Lab Sixty-seven (67) thin sections obtained from Miami Limestone and Fort Thompson Formation core samples from five test coreholes were microscopically examined to identify significant benthic foraminifera and associated mollusks, ostracods, and echinoids. Each core sample was assigned to one of five biofacies and the associated paleoenvironment based on: (1) biofacies suggested by Poag (1981) and Rose and Lidz (1977); (2) fossil and sedimentologic associations; (3) sample locations within the vertical organization of rock-fabric facies; and (4) the observation that the large imperforate foraminifera of biofacies 5 occur in wading depths in seagrass meadows, and also in water as much as about 130 ft deep Two types of GPR field surveys were conducted for this study: (1) continuous measurement common offset reflection surveys, and (2) common mid-point (CMP) velocity surveys (Annan and Davis, 1976; Davis and Annan, 1989). The common-offset reflection surveys were performed to produce two-dimensional profiles of the GPR reflections, and the CMP surveys to calculate radar velocities propagating through the solid and fluid material comprising the Biscayne aquifer. All GPR data were collected using a subsurface interface radar (SIR) System-10A+ with a dual 100-MHz antenna fixed-offset array. A time-varying gain was used during collection of each GPR profile. The common-offset reflection surveys were collected while towing the antennas 55 ft behind a truck with a connecting rope and cable at a rate of about 0.5 mi/hr. The separation between the center point of antennas was 35 in. Processing of profiles included a horizontal filter pass and, for some profiles, a constant-velocity migration of the continuous survey data using radar data analyzer (RADAN) for WinNT software. Visual representation of the GPR data was accomplished using RADAN for WinNT software and RADAN-tobitmap conversion utility. Nearly all of the 50 test coreholes were drilled following GPR data acquisition. Test coreholes were located along the GPR profile tracts where they would be most useful for verification of GPR attributes. Collection of continuous 3.4- or 4-in. diameter cores was preferred to the normal rotary method, which produces small cutting samples collected over relatively wide depth intervals. The test coreholes were drilled by either Amdrill Inc., employing a wireline coring method, or by U.S. Drilling Inc., using a conventional coring method. Borehole geophysical logs were collected by the USGS in 45 of the 50 test coreholes drilled during this study and included induction resistivity, natural gamma ray, spontaneous potential, single-point resistivity, caliper, and digital borehole image logs. Borehole geophysical logs were not collected at the G-3694 and G-3697 test coreholes due to problems with locating the well or destruction of the well after drilling. The borehole geophysical-logging tools were run in boreholes filled with clear freshwater. Each borehole was cased with 3.5- or 5-in. solid polyvinyl chlorinated (PVC) surface casing set to a depth between 4 and 19 ft below land surface. Data were acquired in digital format and archived in the USGS National Water Information System (NWIS) database. The digital borehole image logs were acquired using an RaaX BIPS digital optical logging tool. A Mount Sopris Model HFP-2293 heat-pulse flowmeter was used to assess borehole fluid movement in the G-3710 test corehole. A technique described by Paillet (2000) to estimate vertical groundwater borehole flow was utilized with the flowmeter measurements collected in the G-3710 test corehole. Core samples were described using a 10-power hand lens and binocular microscope to determine vertical patterns of microfacies, sedimentary structures, and lithostratigraphic boundaries, to characterize porosity, and to estimate "relative" permeability. Limestones were classified by combining the schemes of Dunham (1962), Embry and Klovan (1971), and Lucia (1995). The rock color of dry core samples was recorded by comparison to a Munsell rock-color chart (Geological Society of America, 1991). Core-sample descriptions were classified as rock-fabric facies. Horizontal and vertical permeability of 71 whole-core samples, horizontal permeability of 36 core-plug samples, and porosity and grain density of all 107 samples were measured at Core Laboratories, Inc. Numerous (318) core-sample thin sections were examined using standard transmitted-light petrography to characterize and interpret rock properties and small-scale porosity. Borehole images are digital photographs of the borehole wall recorded by a sonic-velocity or electrical-resistivity probe, or optical device. A BIPS borehole imaging tool was used to log continuous digital photographic images in 45 test coreholes. These images provide 100-percent circumferential coverage of the borehole wall and can yield critical information regarding the presence or absence of vuggy porosity, its spatial distribution, and vuggy pore shape and size. Mollusks from 46 samples collected from 12 test coreholes were prepared and identified at the USGS Paleontology Laboratory in Reston, Va. Most of the mollusks present in the strata were preserved as molds and casts. Core samples were initially examined under a binocular microscope to observe diagnostic characteristics of the molluscan remains and to make identifications based on their comparison with published species. Clay squeezes or latex casts were made of the molluscan molds where appropriate to aid in identification. After initial identifications were made, samples were split open to expose fresh surfaces and the process repeated. Identification of benthic foraminifera was made at the genus level, where possible, for 67 thin sections selected by lithology from five test coreholes. Six biofacies were recognized. Paleoenvironments and stratigraphic age of the Fort Thompson Formation were evaluated in the 46 core samples collected for molluscan paleontology from 12 test coreholes. Molluscan species diversity in the samples was low, and most of the species identified have a broad tolerance to change in salinity and water depth, so the samples have been classified within only three paleoenvironments based on the mollusks: shallow shelf to outer estuarine, inner estuarine, and freshwater. Geophysical logging used Mount Sopris portable logging equipment and was completed by USGS Miami, Florida Integrated Science Center for Water and Restoration Studies personnel. Processing and display of results used WellCAD software from Advanced Logic Technology (ALT). WellCAD log display was then exported in PDF format and when possible individual log data sets were exported for archiving in LAS format. See Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4208 for more complete information on the data processing. Unknown Kevin Cunningham U.S. Geological Survey mailing and physical address

3110 SW 9th Ave.

Ft. Lauderdale FL 33315 USA 954 377-5913 954 377-5901 kcunning@usgs.gov Biscayne aquifer 1 1 Degrees, minutes, and decimal seconds North American Datum of 1983 Geodetic Reference System 80 6378137 298.257 National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 1.0 feet Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates Heather S.Henkel U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

600 Fourth St. South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 803-8747 ext 3028 727 803-2030 hhenkel@usgs.gov geologic data No warrantees are implied or explicit for the data HTML unknown http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/cunningham/ Log onto the SOFIA website at http://sofia.usgs.gov none 20060421 Heather S.Henkel U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

600 Fourth St. South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 803-8747 ext 3028 727 803-2030 hhenkel@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Part 1: Biological Data Profile FGDC-STD-001.1-1999