Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Cunningham, Kevin J. Carlson, Janine L., Wingard, G. Lynn , Robinson, Edward, Wacker, Michael A. Publication_Date: 2005 Title: Biscayne Aquifer geologic data Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: data tables Online_Linkage: http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/aq_heterogeneity/#data Description: Abstract: This report from which the data is taken identifies and characterizes candidate ground-water flow zones in the upper part of the shallow, eogenetic karst limestone of the Biscayne aquifer using GPR, cyclostratigraphy, borehole geophysical logs, continuously drilled cores, and paleontology. About 60 mi of GPR profiles were acquired and are used to calculate the depth to shallow geologic contacts and hydrogeologic units, image karst features, and produce a qualitative perspective of the porosity distribution within the upper part of the karstic Biscayne aquifer in the Lake Belt area of north-central Miami-Dade County. . Descriptions of lithology, rock fabric, cyclostratigraphy, and depositional environments of 50 test coreholes were linked to geophysical data to provide a more refined hydrogeologic framework for the upper part of the Biscayne aquifer. Interpretation of depositional environments was constrained by analysis of depositional textures and molluscan and benthic foraminiferal paleontology. Digital borehole images were used to help quantify large-scale vuggy porosity. Preliminary heat-pulse flowmeter data were coupled with the digital borehole image data to identify potential ground-water flow zones. Purpose: The objectives of this cooperative project were to identify and characterize candidate ground-water flow zones in the upper part of the shallow, eogenetic karst limestone of the Biscayne aquifer using ground-penetrating radar, cyclostratigraphy, borehole geophysical logs, continuously drilled cores and paleontology. In 1998, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD), initiated a study to provide a regional-scale hydrogeologic framework of a shallow semiconfining unit within the Biscayne aquifer of southeastern Florida. Initially, the primary objective was to characterize and delineate a low-permeability zone in the upper part of the Biscayne aquifer that spans the base of the Miami Limestone and uppermost part of the Fort Thompson Formation. Delineation of this zone was to aid development of a conceptual hydrogeologic model to be used as input into the SFWMD Lake Belt ground-water model. The approximate area encompassed by the conceptual hydrogeologic model is shown as the study area at http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/cunningham/bbwelllocation.html. Subsequent analysis of the preliminary data suggested hydraulic compartmentalization occurred within the Biscayne aquifer, and that there was a need to characterize and delineate ground-water flow zones and relatively low-permeability zones within the upper part of the Biscayne aquifer. Consequently, preliminary results suggested that the historical understanding of the porosity and preferential pathways for Biscayne aquifer ground-water flow required considerable revision. Supplemental_Information: This project was carried out in cooperation with the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD). Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1998 Ending_Date: 2005 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Description_of_Geographic_Extent: Biscayne aquifer Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -80.6 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -80.3 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 26 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 25.5 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Theme_Keyword: wells Theme_Keyword: GPR Theme_Keyword: gound penetrating radar Theme_Keyword: molluscs Theme_Keyword: hydrology Theme_Keyword: benthic foraminifera Theme_Keyword: borehole geophysics Theme_Keyword: cyclostratigraphy Theme_Keyword: surface geophysics Theme_Keyword: geology Theme_Keyword: biology Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: biota Theme_Keyword: environment Theme_Keyword: inlandWaters Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: 002 Theme_Keyword: 007 Theme_Keyword: 008 Theme_Keyword: 012 Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Department of Commerce, 1995, Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions, Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 10-4, Washington, D.C., National Institute of Standards and Technology Place_Keyword: United States Place_Keyword: US Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: U.S. Department of Commerce, 1987, Codes for the identification of the States, the District of Columbia and the outlying areas of the United States, and associated areas (Federal Information Processing Standard 5-2): Washington, D. C., NIST Place_Keyword: Florida Place_Keyword: FL Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Department of Commerce, 1990, Counties and Equivalent Entities of the United States, Its Possessions, and Associated Areas, FIPS 6-3, Washington, DC, National Institute of Standards and Technology Place_Keyword: Miami-Dade County Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Geographic Names Information System Place_Keyword: Everglades National Park Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Place_Keyword: South East Coast Place_Keyword: Lake Belt Stratum: Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Stratum_Keyword: Biscayne aquifer Stratum_Keyword: Fort Thompson Formation Stratum_Keyword: Miami Limestone Taxonomy: Keywords/Taxon: Taxonomic_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Taxonomic_Keywords: animals Taxonomic_Keywords: invertebrates Taxonomic_Keywords: mollusks Taxonomic_System: Classification_System/Authority: Classification_System_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Turgeon, D. D., Quinn, J. F., Jr., Bogan, A. E., Coan, E. V., Hochberg, F. G., Lyons, W. G., Mikkelsen, P. M., Neves, R. J., Roper, C. F. E., Rosenberg, G., Roth, B., Scheltema, A., Thompson, F. G., Vecchione, M., Williams, J. D. Publication_Date: 1998 Title: Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States to Canada: mollusks Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: book Series_Information: Series_Name: Special Publication Issue_Identification: 26 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Bethesda, MD Publisher: American Fisheries Society Taxonomic_Procedures: Mollusks from 46 samples collected from 12 test coreholes were prepared and identified at the USGS Paleontology Laboratory in Reston, Va. Most of the mollusks present in the strata were preserved as molds and casts. Core samples were initially examined under a binocular microscope to observe diagnostic characteristics of the molluscan remains and to make identifications based on their comparison with published species. Clay squeezes or latex casts were made of the molluscan molds where appropriate to aid in identification. After initial identifications were made, samples were split open to expose fresh surfaces and the process repeated. Taxonomic_Completeness: Identification of benthic foraminifera was made at the genus level, where possible, for 67 thin sections selected by lithology from five test coreholes. Six biofacies were recognized. Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Kingdom Taxon_Rank_Value: Animalia Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Phylum Taxon_Rank_Value: Mollusca Applicable_Common_Name: molluscs Applicable_Common_Name: mollusks Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Class Taxon_Rank_Value: Gastropoda Applicable_Common_Name: gastropods Applicable_Common_Name: escargots Applicable_Common_Name: snails Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Order Taxon_Rank_Value: Neotaenioglossa Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Family Taxon_Rank_Value: Modulidae Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus Taxon_Rank_Value: Modulus Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Family Taxon_Rank_Value: Cerithiidae Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus Taxon_Rank_Value: Cerithium Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Family Taxon_Rank_Value: Turritellidae Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus Taxon_Rank_Value: Turritella Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Class Taxon_Rank_Value: Bivalvia Applicable_Common_Name: bivalves Applicable_Common_Name: clams Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Subclass Taxon_Rank_Value: Heterodonta Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Order Taxon_Rank_Value: Veneroida Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Superfamily Taxon_Rank_Value: Cardiacea Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Family Taxon_Rank_Value: Cardiidae Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus Taxon_Rank_Value: Trachycardium Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Superfamily Taxon_Rank_Value: Veneroidea Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Family Taxon_Rank_Value: Veneridae Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus Taxon_Rank_Value: Lirophora Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus Taxon_Rank_Value: Dosinia Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus Taxon_Rank_Value: Chione Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Species Taxon_Rank_Value: Chione cancellata Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Superfamily Taxon_Rank_Value: Lucinoidea Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Family Taxon_Rank_Value: Lucinidae Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus Taxon_Rank_Value: Anodontia Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus Taxon_Rank_Value: Codakia Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus Taxon_Rank_Value: Lucina Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Species Taxon_Rank_Value: Lucina pensylvanica Applicable_Common_Name: Pennsylvania lucine Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus Taxon_Rank_Value: Lucinisca Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Species Taxon_Rank_Value: Lucinisca nassula Applicable_Common_Name: woven lucine Access_Constraints: none Use_Constraints: none Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Kevin Cunningham Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 3110 SW 9th Ave. City: Ft. Lauderdale State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33315 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 954 377-5913 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 954 377-5901 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: kcunning@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/cunningham/bbwelllocation.html Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Figure 1: map showing study area, Federal and State lands, and agricultural areas in southern Florida Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/cunningham/bbwelllocation.html Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Figure 2: map showing location of test corehole location and number Browse_Graphic_File_Type: GIF Data_Set_Credit: Several USGS employees assisted with this study. Dick Hodges and Alton Anderson provided initial support in geophysical logging. Anthony Brown, Debby Arnold, Claude Jean-Poix, David Schmerge, and Marc Stewart assisted with field activities. The USGS Branch of Geophysical Applications and Support provided essential geophysical instrumentation and technical advice during field activities of borehole image processing system (BIPS) and GPR data collection, especially Marc Buursink, Carol Johnson, John Lane, and John Williams. Claude Jean-Poix and Carlos Zarikian assisted with data analysis and illustrations. Joann Dixon created three-dimensional visualization products. John Lane, Robert Renken, Jane Eggleston, Mike Deacon, and Rhonda Howard at the USGS and Florentin Maurrasse at Florida International University provided reviews. Native_Data_Set_Environment: Data are in tables (html format). Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Cunningham, Kevin J. Carlson, Janine L., Wingard, G. Lynn , Robinson, Edward, Wacker, Michael A. Publication_Date: 2004 Title: Characterization of Aquifer Heterogeneity Using Cyclostratigraphy and Geophysical Methods in the Upper Part of the Karstic Biscayne Aquifer, Southeastern Florida Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report Series_Information: Series_Name: USGS Water Resources Investigations Report Issue_Identification: 03-4208 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Tallahassee, FL Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/aq_heterogeneity/index.html Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Cunningham, Kevin J. Wacker, Michael A. Robinson, Edward Gefvert, Cynthia J. Krupa, Steven L. Publication_Date: 2004 Title: Hydrogeology and Ground-Water Flow at Levee 31N, Miami-Dade County, Florida, July 2003 to May 2004 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map Series_Information: Series_Name: Scientific Investigations Map Issue_Identification: I-2846 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston VA Publisher: U.S. Geolgoical Survey Online_Linkage: http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/sim/I-2846 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Annan, A. P. Davis, J. L. Publication_Date: 1976 Title: Impulse radar soundings in permafrost Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Journal article Series_Information: Series_Name: Radio Science Issue_Identification: v. 11 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Washington, DC Publisher: American Geophysical Union Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Davis, J. L. Annan, A. P. Publication_Date: 1989 Title: Ground-penetrating radar for high-resolution mapping of soil and rock stratigraphy Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Journal article Series_Information: Series_Name: Geophysical Prospecting Issue_Identification: v. 37, no. 5 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: The Hague, The Netherlands Publisher: European Association of Exploration Geophysicists Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Mitchum, Jr, R. M. Vail, P. R. Sangree, J. B. Publication_Date: 1977 Title: Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level, part 6: Stratigraphic interpretation of seismic reflection patterns in depositional sequences Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Journal article Series_Information: Series_Name: AAPG Memoir Issue_Identification: 26 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Tulsa, OK Publisher: American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Other_Citation_Details: in Seismic Stratigraphy - Applications to hydrocarbon exploration Payton, C. E., ed. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Dunham, R. J. Publication_Date: 1962 Title: Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional textures Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Journal article Series_Information: Series_Name: AAPG Memoir Issue_Identification: 1 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Tulsa, OK Publisher: American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Other_Citation_Details: in Classification of Carbonate Rocks Ham, W. E., ed. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Embry, A. F. Klovan, J. E. Publication_Date: 1971 Title: A late Devonian reef tract on Northeastern Banks Island, N. W. T. Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Journal article Series_Information: Series_Name: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology Issue_Identification: v. 19, n. 4 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Calgary, Canada Publisher: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Lucia, F. J. Publication_Date: 1995 Title: Rock-fabric/petrophysical classification of carbonate pore space for reservoir characterization Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Journal article Series_Information: Series_Name: AAPG Bulletin Issue_Identification: v. 79, n. 9 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Tulsa, OK Publisher: American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Geological Society of America Publication_Date: 1991 Title: Rock color chart: Baltimore, MD, Munsell color Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Boulder, CO Publisher: Geological Society of America Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Paillet, F. L. Publication_Date: 2000 Title: A field technique for estimating aquifer parameters using flow log data Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Journal article Series_Information: Series_Name: Ground Water Issue_Identification: v. 38, n. 4 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Westerville, OH Publisher: National Ground Water Association Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Poag, C. W. Publication_Date: 1981 Title: Ecologic atlas of benthic foraminifera of the Gulf of Mexico Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: book Publication_Information: Publication_Place: New York, NY Publisher: Academic Press Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Rose, P. R. Lidz, Barbara Publication_Date: 1977 Title: Diagnostic foraminiferal assemblages of shallow-water modern environments: South Florida and the Bahamas Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Miami, FL Publisher: University of Miami, Florida Data_Quality_Information: Logical_Consistency_Report: Borehole geophysical logs were collected by the USGS in 45 ofthe 50 test coreholes drilled during this study and included induction resistivity, natural gamma ray, spontaneous potential, single-point resistivity, caliper, and digital borehole image logs. See WRI 03-4208 for a more complete description of the data. Completeness_Report: Borehole geophysical logs were collected by the USGS in 45 of the 50 test coreholes drilled during this study. Borehole geophysical logs were not collected at the G-3694 and G-3697 test coreholes due to problems with locating the well or destruction of the well after drilling. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: not available Lineage: Methodology: Methodology_Type: Lab Methodology_Description: Sixty-seven (67) thin sections obtained from Miami Limestone and Fort Thompson Formation core samples from five test coreholes were microscopically examined to identify significant benthic foraminifera and associated mollusks, ostracods, and echinoids. Each core sample was assigned to one of five biofacies and the associated paleoenvironment based on: (1) biofacies suggested by Poag (1981) and Rose and Lidz (1977); (2) fossil and sedimentologic associations; (3) sample locations within the vertical organization of rock-fabric facies; and (4) the observation that the large imperforate foraminifera of biofacies 5 occur in wading depths in seagrass meadows, and also in water as much as about 130 ft deep Process_Step: Process_Description: Two types of GPR field surveys were conducted for this study: (1) continuous measurement common offset reflection surveys, and (2) common mid-point (CMP) velocity surveys (Annan and Davis, 1976; Davis and Annan, 1989). The common-offset reflection surveys were performed to produce two-dimensional profiles of the GPR reflections, and the CMP surveys to calculate radar velocities propagating through the solid and fluid material comprising the Biscayne aquifer. All GPR data were collected using a subsurface interface radar (SIR) System-10A+ with a dual 100-MHz antenna fixed-offset array. A time-varying gain was used during collection of each GPR profile. The common-offset reflection surveys were collected while towing the antennas 55 ft behind a truck with a connecting rope and cable at a rate of about 0.5 mi/hr. The separation between the center point of antennas was 35 in. Processing of profiles included a horizontal filter pass and, for some profiles, a constant-velocity migration of the continuous survey data using radar data analyzer (RADAN) for WinNT software. Visual representation of the GPR data was accomplished using RADAN for WinNT software and RADAN-tobitmap conversion utility. Nearly all of the 50 test coreholes were drilled following GPR data acquisition. Test coreholes were located along the GPR profile tracts where they would be most useful for verification of GPR attributes. Collection of continuous 3.4- or 4-in. diameter cores was preferred to the normal rotary method, which produces small cutting samples collected over relatively wide depth intervals. The test coreholes were drilled by either Amdrill Inc., employing a wireline coring method, or by U.S. Drilling Inc., using a conventional coring method. Borehole geophysical logs were collected by the USGS in 45 of the 50 test coreholes drilled during this study and included induction resistivity, natural gamma ray, spontaneous potential, single-point resistivity, caliper, and digital borehole image logs. Borehole geophysical logs were not collected at the G-3694 and G-3697 test coreholes due to problems with locating the well or destruction of the well after drilling. The borehole geophysical-logging tools were run in boreholes filled with clear freshwater. Each borehole was cased with 3.5- or 5-in. solid polyvinyl chlorinated (PVC) surface casing set to a depth between 4 and 19 ft below land surface. Data were acquired in digital format and archived in the USGS National Water Information System (NWIS) database. The digital borehole image logs were acquired using an RaaX BIPS digital optical logging tool. A Mount Sopris Model HFP-2293 heat-pulse flowmeter was used to assess borehole fluid movement in the G-3710 test corehole. A technique described by Paillet (2000) to estimate vertical groundwater borehole flow was utilized with the flowmeter measurements collected in the G-3710 test corehole. Core samples were described using a 10-power hand lens and binocular microscope to determine vertical patterns of microfacies, sedimentary structures, and lithostratigraphic boundaries, to characterize porosity, and to estimate "relative" permeability. Limestones were classified by combining the schemes of Dunham (1962), Embry and Klovan (1971), and Lucia (1995). The rock color of dry core samples was recorded by comparison to a Munsell rock-color chart (Geological Society of America, 1991). Core-sample descriptions were classified as rock-fabric facies. Horizontal and vertical permeability of 71 whole-core samples, horizontal permeability of 36 core-plug samples, and porosity and grain density of all 107 samples were measured at Core Laboratories, Inc. Numerous (318) core-sample thin sections were examined using standard transmitted-light petrography to characterize and interpret rock properties and small-scale porosity. Borehole images are digital photographs of the borehole wall recorded by a sonic-velocity or electrical-resistivity probe, or optical device. A BIPS borehole imaging tool was used to log continuous digital photographic images in 45 test coreholes. These images provide 100-percent circumferential coverage of the borehole wall and can yield critical information regarding the presence or absence of vuggy porosity, its spatial distribution, and vuggy pore shape and size. Mollusks from 46 samples collected from 12 test coreholes were prepared and identified at the USGS Paleontology Laboratory in Reston, Va. Most of the mollusks present in the strata were preserved as molds and casts. Core samples were initially examined under a binocular microscope to observe diagnostic characteristics of the molluscan remains and to make identifications based on their comparison with published species. Clay squeezes or latex casts were made of the molluscan molds where appropriate to aid in identification. After initial identifications were made, samples were split open to expose fresh surfaces and the process repeated. Identification of benthic foraminifera was made at the genus level, where possible, for 67 thin sections selected by lithology from five test coreholes. Six biofacies were recognized. Paleoenvironments and stratigraphic age of the Fort Thompson Formation were evaluated in the 46 core samples collected for molluscan paleontology from 12 test coreholes. Molluscan species diversity in the samples was low, and most of the species identified have a broad tolerance to change in salinity and water depth, so the samples have been classified within only three paleoenvironments based on the mollusks: shallow shelf to outer estuarine, inner estuarine, and freshwater. Geophysical logging used Mount Sopris portable logging equipment and was completed by USGS Miami, Florida Integrated Science Center for Water and Restoration Studies personnel. Processing and display of results used WellCAD software from Advanced Logic Technology (ALT). WellCAD log display was then exported in PDF format and when possible individual log data sets were exported for archiving in LAS format. See Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4208 for more complete information on the data processing. Process_Date: Unknown Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Kevin Cunningham Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 3110 SW 9th Ave. City: Ft. Lauderdale State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33315 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 954 377-5913 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 954 377-5901 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: kcunning@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Indirect_Spatial_Reference: Biscayne aquifer Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 1 Longitude_Resolution: 1 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Degrees, minutes, and decimal seconds Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983 Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Altitude_System_Definition: Altitude_Datum_Name: National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 Altitude_Resolution: 1.0 Altitude_Distance_Units: feet Altitude_Encoding_Method: Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Heather S.Henkel Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 600 Fourth St. South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 803-8747 ext 3028 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727 803-2030 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: hhenkel@usgs.gov Resource_Description: geologic data Distribution_Liability: No warrantees are implied or explicit for the data Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: HTML Format_Version_Number: unknown Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/cunningham/ Access_Instructions: Log onto the SOFIA website at http://sofia.usgs.gov Fees: none Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20060421 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Heather S.Henkel Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 600 Fourth St. South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 803-8747 ext 3028 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727 803-2030 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: hhenkel@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Part 1: Biological Data Profile Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001.1-1999