Smith, Thomas J. III Foster, Anne M., Briere, Peter R., Coffin, Alisa W., Jones, John W., Van Arsdall, Carson, Frye, Laurinda J. 2006 remote-sensing image http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/aerial-photos/index.html The images are available as .jpeg and as georeferenced .tiff files. With the exception of three images, all images are subset to 7500 pixels square. Individual photos can be selected from the 1940 flight lines image at http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/aerial-photos/40s_flight.html. The numbering scheme for the aerial photos is an identification number consisting of the flight number followed by the photo or frame number. A foundation for Everglades research must include a clear understanding of the pre-drainage south Florida landscape. Knowledge of the spatial organization and structure of pre-drainage landscape communities such as mangrove forests, marshes, sloughs, wet prairies. And pinelands, is essential to provide potential endpoints, restoration goals and performance measures to gauge restoration success. Information contained in historical aerial photographs of the Everglades can aid in this endeavor. The earliest known aerial photographs are from the mid-to-late 1920s and resulted in the production of what are called T-sheets (Topographic sheeets) for the coasts and shorelines of far south Florida. The position of the boundary between differing vegetationcommunities (the ecotone) can be accurately measured. If followed through time, changes in the position of these ecotones could potentially be used to judge teffects of drainage on the Everglades ecosystem and to monitor restoratio success. The Florida Integrated Science Center (FISC), a center of the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Biological Resources Discipline (BRD), in collaboration with the Eastern Region Geography (ERG) of the Geography Discipline has created digital files of existing 1940 (1:40,000-scale) Black and White aerial photography for the South Florida region. These digital files are available through the SOFIA web site at http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/aerial-photos/index.html. 19400214 19400821 ground condition In Work As needed -81.9 -79.98 26.22 24.41 none aerial photography digital image mapping historical photos ISO 19115 Topic Category biota environment imageryBaseMapsEarthCover inlandWaters oceans 002 007 010 012 014 Department of Commerce, 1995, Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions, Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 10-4, Washington, D.C., National Institute of Standards and Technology United States US U.S. Department of Commerce, 1987, Codes for the identification of the States, the District of Columbia and the outlying areas of the United States, and associated areas (Federal Information Processing Standard 5-2): Washington, D. C., NIST Florida FL Department of Commerce, 1990, Counties and Equivalent Entities of the United States, Its Possessions, and Associated Areas, FIPS 6-3, Washington, DC, National Institute of Standards and Technology Broward County Collier County Glades County Hendry county Lee County Miami-Dade County Monroe County Palm Beach County none Everglades SW Big Cypress South East Coast Florida Keys Central Everglades mangrove Water Conservation Area 1 Water Conservation Area 2 Water Conservation Area 3 WCA1 WCA2 WCA3 USGS Geographic Names Information System Everglades National Park Florida Bay Big Cypress National Preserve Ten Thousand Islands NWR Crocodile Lake National Wildlife refuge Arthur R. Marshall- Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge Biscayne National Park Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge None None. Acknowledgement of the U.S. Geological Survey will be appreciated for products derived from these data. Thomas J. Smith III U.S. Geological Survey, Center for Coastal and Watershed Studies mailing and physical address

600 Fourth Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 803-8747 x3130 727 803-2032 tom_j_smith@usgs.gov 0900-1700 ET M-F http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/aerial-photos/ 1940 Greater Everglades and South Florida Aerial Photoset JPEG R. Johnson, W. Perry, D. Buker, and T. Mullins of the South Florida Natural Resources Center at Everglades National Park provided access to the Park's aerial photographic archives. L. Brandt (Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge), T. Polizos (Collier County office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service) and C. Coffin (Miami-Dade Co., NRCS) generously assisted by providing the photos of their respective geographic regions of south Florida. K. Rutchey provided access to the archives of the South Florida Water Management District. Images are available as .jpeg and georeferenced .tiff files Fennema, R. J. Neidrauer, C. J.; Johnson, R. A.; MacVicar, T. K.; Perkins, W. A. 1994 report Delray Beach, FL St. Lucie Press in The Everglades: The Ecosystem and Its Restoration S. M. Davis and J. C. Ogden, editors Blake, N. M. 1980 publication Tallahassee, FL University Presses of Florida Davis, J. H. 1943 report Florida Geological Survey Bulletin 25 Tallahassee, FL Florida Geological Survey Davis, S. M. Gunderson, L. H.; Park, W. A.; Richardson, J. R.; Mattson, J. E. 1994 report Delray Beach, FL St. Lucie Press in The Everglades: The Ecosystem and Its Restoration S. M. Davis and J.C. Ogden, editors Steinman, A. D. Havens, K. E.; Carrick, H. J.; VanZee, R. 2002 report Boca Raton, FL CRC Press in The Everglades, Florida Bay, and Coral Reefs of the Florida Keys J. W. Porter and K. G. Porter, editors The photos are all from a survey done by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 1940 Areas 1-7 and 10 contain mosaic sheet images only, no over-flight images are available for viewing. Of the 1401 images are known to have existed in the 1940s set of aerial photographs. Only 920 distinct images were located and scanned. Of these 793 were rectified and 127 were not rectified. See tables at http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/aerial-photos/40s_method.html for a list of photos not rectified and the problems preventing rectification. Of the rectified photos 79 images were not used due to protocol violations shown at http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/aerial-photos/40s_method.html The total RMSE for the transformation model was well below a threshold of 0.25. U.S. Department of Agriculture 1940 aerial photographs Washington, DC U.S. Department of Agriculture 40000 paper 19400214 19400821 ground condition USDA photos Photos converted to digital form and archived; provided spatial and attribute information. Photographs were cataloged individually into Everglades Historical Aerial Photographic Database. Attribute information about each photograph was recorded, including identity, content, condition as well as general information about the flight and the photography. Photographs were scanned using UMAX Mirage II Scanner: Scan resolution of optical 800 dpi; final radiometric resolution of 8-bit per channel; true color (RGB) compatibility; TIFF format output. Two images which were inadvertently scanned as grayscale are noted in the 'oddities' section at http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/aerial-photos/40s_method.html Scanned images were rectified using Erdas Imagine 8.7. Rectification process followed protocol developed in house and described in the report 'Guidelines for quality checking of digital ortho imagery, Issue 2.0.' Images were rectified with image to image rectification, using basemaps derived from digital orthophoto quarter quadrangles (DOQQs). The DOQQs were from a statewide set flown in 1995 and available for download from the Florida Department of Environmental Protection Land Boundary Information System (LABINS) website. These images were mosaicked into basemaps of four quadrangles, resampled to 2 meter pixel resolution and reprojected as UTM Zone 17 North. For a few images, the 1995 basemap images were unavailable or unusable and were rectified to a 1999 DOQQ. These are listed in the 'oddities' section. To register the historic images, a first-order polynomial geometric model was used. Due to a variety of possible factors, such as the age and warping of the original media and irregularities of the camera (about which we had no information) or the flight, we found that a second-order polynomial model improved overall edge matching in some cases. Those images that used a second order polynomial geometric transformation model are listed in the 'oddities' section'. Operators manually selected 10 to 15 tie points per image scattered evenly throughout the image. In some cases additional tie points were subsequently added automatically using the prediction function of Imagine. In all cases the total RMSE for the transformation model was well below a threshold of 0.25. Following the selection of tie points, images were resampled to 1 meter pixel resolution using a bilinear interpolation method. The resulting image was checked with respect to edge matching in a geographic data viewer (ESRI ArcMap 8.3). Once the operator was satisfied the image was properly registered and appeared to match up with its neighbors, the edges of the image were cropped using a subset function. All images, with the exception of 3 (listed in the 'oddities' section were subset to a square of 7500 pixels and saved in their final file format as geotiff files. Oddities There are 1401 images that were known to have existed in the 1940s set of aerial photography. Of these, we were able to locate and scan 920 distinct images. Of these images, we were able to rectify 793 images. USDA photos Unknown Thomas J. Smith III U.S. Geological Survey, Center for Coastal and Watershed Studies mailing and physical address

600 Fourth Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 803-8747 x3130 727 803-2032 tom_j_smith@usgs.gov 0900-1700 ET M-F 10 Greater Everglades Raster Pixel 7500 7500 Universal Transverse Mercator 17 0.9996 -81 0 500000 0 Coordinate Pair 1 1 meters North American Datum of 1983 Geodetic Reference System 80 6378137 298.257 Heather S.Henkel U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

600 Fourth St. South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 803-8747 ext 3028 727 803-2030 hhenkel@usgs.gov 1940 Greater Everglades and South Florida Aerial Photoset This report was prepared by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees make any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed in this report, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Although the data published herein has been reviewed by the USGS, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the USGS as to the accuracy of the data and related material. Publication and distribution of these data should not be construed to constitute any such warranty and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation, or favor by the United States Government or any agency thereof. JPEG unknown contains the scanned aerial photos at a resolution of 800 dpi 77 http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/aerial-photos/ Photos may be downloaded from the SOFIA web site georeferenced TIFF unknown 0.12 http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/aerial-photos/index.html Photos may be downloaded from the SOFIA web site none 20070403 Heather Henkel U.S. Geological Survey mailing and physical address

600 Fourth Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 803-8747 ext 3028 727 803-2030 sofia-metadata@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998