Raymond Schaffranek (retired) Ami Riscassi (no longer at USGS); Harry Jenter; Kevin Kotun (ENP); Greg Desmond; David Fitterman; E. R. German (retired); Judson Harvey; Clinton Hittle; John W. Jones; Chris Langevin; Victor Levesque; Carole McIvor; Eduardo Patino; James Saiers; Eric Swain 2008 text files, spreadsheets http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/index.php?project_url=time The Tides and Inflows in the Mangrove Ecotone (TIME) project entails a study of the transition region using a coupled surface-water/groundwater model and the collection and analysis of data in support of that modeling effort. This project entails incorporation, into the TIME surface-water model, the understandings gleaned from the Southern and Inland Coastal Systems (SICS) study conducted in the Taylor Slough and C-111 Canal basins of Everglades National Park. Specifically, vegetative resistance and meteorological forcing process-study results are being incorporated into the TIME model. Because of the high demand for data in the parameterization of these results, this project also involves the assembly, storage and distribution of all time-variable data sets used to drive, calibrate and test the TIME surface-water model. The TIME Model Development project is focused on further developing, extending and implementing a mathematical model to study the interaction between wetland sheet flows and dynamic forces in the transition zone between the southern Everglades and its coastal embayments. The model will be used to study and evaluate the combined response of hydroperiods in the wetlands and salinities in the mangrove ecotone to inflow alterations. The major product of the TIME Model Development project will be a sound, physically-based, fine-resolution (500m) model of the Everglades National Park area of the Everglades consistent with the Across Trophic Level System Simulation models that can be used as a research tool and management model to study and evaluate ecosystem response to regulatory decisions. Through analysis of model results for varied inflows, cause and effect relationships to ecosystem functions and sustainability can be investigated to evaluate and guide restoration actions. Any external dynamic factors that could adversely affect restoration objectives can be identified and demonstrated. Data collected in support of the model development will be made available for dissemination via the Internet and scientific findings will be reported in traditional peer-reviewed literature as appropriate. A critical objective of the south Florida ecosystem restoration effort is to create and preserve ecological conditions that are consistent with habitat requirements. Two of the most important requirements for restoration success are an understanding of wetland hydroperiods and coastal embayment salinities. Hydroperiods in the southern Everglades, including duration, timing and extent of wetland inundation, have been distorted substantially in the past as evidenced by observed shifts in zoological and vegetative species. Similarly, embayment salinities have been altered with dramatic ecological effects. Both regulatory and natural factors contribute to the definition of hydroperiods and salinities, making their precise evaluation and management difficult. The understanding and control of hydroperiods and salinities becomes even more problematic in the mangrove ecotone, the transition zone between the Everglades wetlands and coastal embayments where hydroperiods and salinities are inextricably linked and the mixing of fresh and salt water cannot be ignored. In this region, coastal tides, wetland flows and upstream inflows must be considered concurrently for an accurate understanding of their effects. The TIME Database has been discontinued but information is provided for accessing the stations formerly in the database. 19951001 20070930 ground condition In Work As needed -81.555039 -80.304809 25.976713 25.026572 none hydrology salinity flow model mangrove ecotone hydroperiods saltwater-freshwater interface zone transition zone SICS Southern Inland and Coastal Systems TIME Tides and Inflows in the Mangrove Ecotone ISO 19115 Topic Category environment inlandWaters oceans 007 012 014 Department of Commerce, 1995, Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions, Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 10-4, Washington, D.C., National Institute of Standards and Technology United States US U.S. Department of Commerce, 1987, Codes for the identification of the States, the District of Columbia and the outlying areas of the United States, and associated areas (Federal Information Processing Standard 5-2): Washington, D. C., NIST Florida FL Department of Commerce, 1990, Counties and Equivalent Entities of the United States, Its Possessions, and Associated Areas, FIPS 6-3, Washington, DC, National Institute of Standards and Technology Collier County Miami-Dade County Monroe County USGS Geographic Names Information System Taylor Slough Big Cypress National Preserve Everglades National Park Florida Bay Lostmans Slough Shark Slough none Central Everglades SW Big Cypress C-111 Canal none none Eric D. Swain U.S. Geological Survey mailing and physical

3110 SW 9th Avenue

Ft. Lauderdale FL 33315 USA 954 377-5925 954 377-5901 edswain@usgs.gov http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/FS/fs-031-01/ Satellite image showing TIME model boundary JPEG Past and present project personnel include: Michael Duff, Gordon Anderson, Vince Caruso (retired), Ed Cyran (retired), Maria Deszcz-Pan, Pat Gammon, David Garces, Bob Glover, Chuck Henkle (retired), Sandra Kinnaman, Jim Krest, Al Lombana, David Nowacki (no longer at USGS), Nancy Rybicki, Dan Sechrist, Gordon Shupe (retired), Eddie Simonds, Lars Soderqvist, Marc Stewart, Jean-Claude Thomas (retired), Jessica Thomas Newlin, Craig Thompson, Christa Walker, Kevin Whelan, Melinda Lohmann, and Mark Zucker. Jenter, H. L. 1999 report Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Technical Report 99-04 Woods Hole, MA Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Jenter, H. L. Duff, M. P. 1999 report Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Ecohydraulics none Salt Lake City, UT International Association for Hydraulic Research http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/papers/windforce/ Stewart, M. A. Bhatt, T. N., Fennema, R. J., Fitterman, D. V. 2002 report USGS Open-File Report OFR 02-59 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/02-59 Ball, M. H. Schaffranek, R. W. 2000 report USGS Open-File Report 00-56 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/00-56 Schaffranek, R, W. 1999 report Proceedings ASCE 2000 Joint Conference on Water Resources Engineering and Water Resources Planning and Management none Reston, VA American Society of Civil Engineers http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/papers/hydrostudies/ Schaffranek, R. W. Ruhl, H. A., Hansler, M. E. 1999 report Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Ecohydraulics none Salt Lake City, UT International Association for Hydraulic Research http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/papers/overview_sics/ Swain. E. D 1999 report Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Ecohydraulics none Salt Lake City, UT International Association for Hydraulic Research http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/papers/numeric/ Langevin, C. D. 2000 report Water Resources Investigations Report WRIR 00-4251 Tallahassee, FL U.S. Geological Survey http://fl.water.usgs.gov/Abstracts/wri00_4251_langevin.html Riscassi, Ami L. Schaffranek, Raymond 2002 report USGS Open-File Report OFR 02-159 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey http://time.er.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/OFR_02-159.pdf Langevin, C. D. Thorne, D. T.,Jr.; Dausman, A. M.; Sukop, M. C.; Guo, Weixing 2008 report computer program SEAWAT Version 4 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey There are three versions of the program: SEAWAT (v2), SEAWAT-2000 (v3), and SEAWAT Version 4. SEAWAT and SEAWAT-2000 are no longer updated, supported, or maintained as SEAWAT Verson 4 is backward compatible with datasets created for SEAWAT-2000. The program, source code, user guides, and example problems may be accessed at the website below. http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/seawat/ Langevin, Christian Shoemaker, W. Barclay; Guo, Weixing 2003 report USGS Open-File Report 03-426 Tallahassee, FL U.S. Geological Survey http://fl.water.usgs.gov/Abstracts/ofr03_426_langevin.html Langevin, Christian D. Swain, Eric D., Wolfert, Melinda A. 2004 report USGS Open-File Report 2004-1097 Tallahassee, FL U.S. Geological Survey http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1097 Swain, Eric D. Wolfert, Melinda A.; Bales, Jerad D.; Goodwin, Carl R. 2004 report USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4287 Tallahassee, FL U.S. Geological Survey http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/wri/03-4287 http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034287/ Schaffranek. R. W. 2004 book chapter USGS Techniques and Methods book 6, chapter B-1 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey http://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2005/tm6b1 Lee, J. K. Roig, L. C.; Jenter, H. L.; Visser, H. M. 2004 report Ecological Engineering v. 22, issues 4-5 Amsterdam, The Netherlands Elsevier Science B. V. The abstract is available online from Elsevier Science/Ecological Engineering but the full article must be purchased. Riscassi, Ami L. Schaffranek, Raymond W. 2003 report USGS Open-File Report 03-358 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/ofr03348/ Riscassi, Ami L. Schaffranek, Raymond W. 2004 report USGS Open-File Report 2004-1233 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1233 Schaffranek, Raymond W. Riscassi, Ami L. 2004 digital data series USGS Digital Data Series 2004-110 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2004/110/index.html Langevin, C. D. Thorne, D. T., Jr.; Dausman, A. M.; Sukop, M. C.; Guo, Weixing 2008 user guide USGS Techniques and Methods Book 6, Chapter A22 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey http://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm6a22/ not available See the individual datasets for the parameters collected. Not all the USGS sites listed can be positively identified on the Hydrology Data page or in DS 105. The identification of sites listed for other agencies has not been verified. This project is focused on the translation of findings from hydrologic process studies and results of monitoring efforts from the Southern Inland and Coastal Systems (SICS) project toward the development of a model encompassing the entire saltwater-freshwater interface zone along the southwest Gulf coast and Florida Bay boundaries of Everglades National Park. The two-dimensional Surface Water Integrated Flow and Transport (SWIFT2D) model is being explicitly coupled to the Modular Groundwater Flow (MODFLOW) model with SEAWAT interface for surface/ground-water solute transport simulation. Extension of the SICS model domain westward and direct coupling of the surface-water and ground-water models is intended to resolve boundary limitation problems and to remove operational constraints of the current SICS model implementation. A website (http://time.er.usgs.gov) with a database repository for compilation of input data and sharing of model results has been constructed. Flow data for approximately 70 openings under Tamiami Trail (approximately 60 miles) have been compiled for water years 1987-1999. A numerical algorithm has been designed and developed to link the SWIFT2D model with the SEAWAT transport variant of MODFLOW and a MODFLOW grid and model component is under development for coupling to the SICS grid and mode. A flow monitoring station has been established near the wetland/tidal interface of Shark River to determine the feasibility of long term acoustic Doppler flow measurements in heavily vegetated areas. Initial ground-truthing of vegetation classifications determined from remote sensing imagery has begun. A preliminary and partial land-surface elevation grid of the TIME model domain has been generated from helicopter Aerial Height Finder (AHF) survey data. 2001 The two-dimensional Surface Water Integrated Flow and Transport (SWIFT2D) model is being coupled to SEAWAT, a variable-density ground water flow model based on the Modular Groundwater Flow (MODFLOW) model, for concurrent simulation of surface and sub-surface flow and salt transport. A multi-layered SEAWAT ground-water model of the Southern Inland and Coastal System (SICS) has been developed for integration with the SICS surface-water model. A numerical algorithm has been developed to synchronize SWIFT2D tidal-compatible time steps with SEAWAT stress periods. The algorithm has undergone successful testing in the coupled SICS model. A report documenting regression techniques developed to correlate gaged and un-gaged culverts for model use has been prepared. A semi-automated procedure has been developed to spatially and temporally interpolate and formulate culvert and structure flows along Tamiami Trail from SFWMD and TIME databases to drive numerical model simulations. Flow monitoring in the wetlands to evaluate forcing effects has continued and a paper documenting thermal convection-driven mixing processes has been submitted for scientific peer-reviewed publication. The SWIFT2D model formulation is currently being extended to incorporate wind-stress sheltering, vegetative-resistance correlation, and energy-dependent evapotranspiration. The partial land-surface elevation grid of the TIME model domain has been extended to include Lostsman’s Slough with the addition of topographic data available in April, 2002. The preliminary version of the TIME model grid has been extended to the Tamiami Trail and Florida Bay boundaries. 2002 The SWIFT2D surface water model code will be modified to accept vegetation type and density data from John Jones' mapping project (Land Charateristics from Remote Sensing) as an input dataset. The ability to use this dataset to calculate vegetative resistance for the model will be added as well. This resistance will be calculated based on the Stem-Reynolds-Number analysis of Lee, Roig and Jenter and the statistical correlation of Roig, Rybicki and Jenter. Initially, Manning's n values will be calculated in order for the model to maintain its original resistance formulation in unvegetated grid cells. However, a set of simplified model runs with be conducted with a test grid in order to explore alternative resistance formulations such as Darcy-Weisbach or direct specification of the frictional force. A final decision on the formulation to be used in the TIME model will be made in FY2004. The model will also be modified to accept hourly time-dependent wind data and to calculate time- and space-dependent wind stress. These data will be interpolated from data archived in the TIME Data System. The model has been modified already to use a wind sheltering coefficient to calculate wind stress based on wind speed, the equivalent wind stress over unvegetated waters and a constant sheltering coefficient from the literature. This formulation will be refined to allow for spatial variation in the sheltering coefficient based on assignment of grid cells using John Jones' vegetation mapping data as input. Assignment will be based on findings from Jenter and Duff (1999) and from information derived from analysis of simultaneously deployed meteorological towers and profiling current meters at two locations within the Everglades: one in Water Conservation Area 3A and one in southern Shark Slough. These sites will be maintained and the data analyzed in order to apply the analysis to the wind sheltering specification in the model. These sites were installed in FY2002 and are expected to yield extremely useful information for the TIME modeling effort. 2004 The necessary data sets will be produced for the calibration period of the TIME surface-water model. Data from June, 1999 through August, 1999 will be extracted from the TIME Data System (TDS), carefully scrutinized, gaps will be filled through interpolation if necessary, and the data will be formatted for input into the model. All data will be interpolated temporally to match the model time step. Some of the datasets will require spatial interpolation as well. Specifically, maps of hourly wind speed, wind direction and rainfall will be produced from data in the TIME Data System for the calibration period. Project personnel will establish algorithms for this interpolation and will implement those algorithms as computer programs for the automatic creation of model input data. An effort will be made to automate much of the process of extracting data from the TDS, quality assuring, interpolating and reformatting it for use in the model in order to make both the TDS and the model easier to use for future applications. The TDS will be documented thoroughly in a USGS Open-file report in FY2003. A secondary goal in FY2003 will be to assure that the entire TDS database from 1995 to present is quality assured and as complete as possible. Each of the over 200 datasets in the TDS will be reviewed. USGS personnel work closely with Everglades National Park personnel to ensure that the NPS data sets in the TDS are as up-to-date as possible. The web interface for the TDS will be modified to allow a simple and concise report of data completeness to be produced for arbitrarily specified time periods. The data-extraction scripts of the TDS will be modified to offer interpolation of missing data so the user can receive a gap-free dataset which can be more easily used as model input or for other purposes. 2004 The two-dimensional Surface Water Integrated Flow and Transport (SWIFT2D) model has been coupled to SEAWAT, a variable-density groundwater flow model based on the Modular Groundwater Flow (MODFLOW) model, for concurrent simulation of surface and sub-surface flow and salt transport. Flow monitoring in the wetlands to evaluate forcing effects and provide data for model calibration has continued. The SWIFT2D model formulation is currently being extended to incorporate spatial precipitation inputs, wind-stress sheltering, vegetative-resistance terms, and depth-dependent evapotranspiration. A land-surface elevation grid for the entire TIME model domain has been developed and a three-month simulation of the surface-water TIME model has been developed and tested. 2003 Work planned for FY 2004 includes: Incorporation of vegetative resistance and meteorological effects in to the TIME surface-water model 1. Modification of the SWIFT2D computer code will be made to best simulate vegetative resistance to flow. This will be part of finalization of code modifications to the SWIFT2D configuration applicable to the TIME modeling domain. Vegetative resistance code changes will be based on the published work of J. Lee et al. And Lee, Lai and Jenter. Statistical correlations between depth-averaged velocity data and depth-averaged vegetation data appear to be a potential link between the vegetative resistance work to date and the vegetative mapping work of John Jones. As such, this linkage will be incorporated into SWIFT2D to the extent possible. Additionally, final code changes for meteorological forcing inputs will be completed. These will include code modifications for the acceptance of variable wind and NEXRAD rainfall fields. In order to prepare the TIME surface-water model for potential use in future scenario testing, the TIME Data System will be modified to automatically extract and format user-selected data for model input. SWIFT2D’s input processor will be modified to accept these automatically formatted data. Refinement of wind forcing and precipitation forcing algorithms in the model will be completed. These algorithms will be based partially on correlations derived from simultaneous wind and velocity measurements collected during this and previous rainy seasons. 2. Assembly , storage, and distribution of time-variable datasets for surface water modeling The TIME Data System (TDS) will be finalized. All data sets for the time period January 1, 1995 through June 1, 2003 will be archived quality assured. All tools for extracting, viewing, analyzing, archiving and reformatting data for the TDS will be finalized. Final publication of a User’s Manual for the TDS will occur in FY2004. The TDS will be packaged in such a way that it can be directly transferred with the finalized version of SWIFT2D for future scenario testing. The TIME project website, http://time.er.usgs.gov will be maintained through FY2004 as a gateway for TIME project and other South Florida researchers to download data from the TDS and TIME project reports. 2005 TIME surface-water model development Work being undertaken in FY2005 will include the addition of new, and refinement of existing, numerical procedures and algorithms for representation of hydrologic processes in the SWIFT2D model formulation. Data collected in support of the model development will be quality checked and processed for input to conduct numerical simulations. Advanced visualization methods will be developed using specialized animation software to display simulation results for sensitivity and performance testing, model verification and calibration, and ecosystem analyses. 2005 The TIME surface-water model has been extended to encompass the entire wetlands of Everglades National Park (ENP). Precipitation, evapotranspiration, frictional-resistance, meteorological, and salinity datasets and hydrologic process formulations have been developed and incorporated into the model to simulate fresh and salt water mixing in the hydrodynamic transition zone connecting the freshwater wetlands of the Everglades with Florida Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. The original, provisional, development of the TIME surface-water model has undergone an extensive review and verification. Alternate grid interpolation methods have been evaluated to improve representation of land-surface properties and gradients within the model domain using all available topographic and bathymetric data. Vegetation class assignments for the 500-m grid have been modified to reflect sub-model-grid-scale heterogeneity at the 30.5-m Landsat resolution. This new vegetation technique has improved representation of the spatial variability of frictional-resistance and wind-stress effects in the model. Sensitivity tests on various boundary-condition treatments, empirical coefficient values, and numerical computational-control parameter assignments have been conducted. A comprehensive review of all data used to develop the model has been conducted. A field study of the effects of Park Road (SR 9336) on sheet flow distribution between Taylor and Shark River Sloughs has been undertaken and is providing additional insight into improved representation of the road in the model. Efforts are underway to extend the model calibration and verification period to encompass an entire wet season. Techniques to animate simulation results have been developed and used to calculate model performance, All data collected within the TIME surface-water model development study have been entered into the SOFIA database. 2006 Eric D. Swain U.S. Geological Survey mailing and physical

3110 SW 9th Avenue

Ft. Lauderdale FL 33315 USA 954 377-5925 954 377-5901 edswain@usgs.gov mangrove ecotone Heather S.Henkel U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

600 Fourth St. South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 803-8747 ext 3028 727 803-2030 hhenkel@usgs.gov Hydrology Data (USGS) The data have no implied or explicit guarantees ASCII text files unknown comma separated values (.csv) USGS stations formerly maintained in the TIME Database. Not all USGS stations from the TIME database can be directly correlated with the locations on the Hydrology Data page or Data Series 105 http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/zucker_woods_patino/ The data may be downloaded from the SOFIA website. none Heather S.Henkel U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

600 Fourth St. South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 803-8747 ext 3028 727 803-2030 hhenkel@usgs.gov Salinity, Discharge, Stage Data The data have no implied or explicit guarantees tables/html unknown http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/02-59/tables.html Data may be downloaded from the SOFIA website none Heather S.Henkel U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

600 Fourth St. South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 803-8747 ext 3028 727 803-2030 hhenkel@usgs.gov Shark River Slough Data The data have no implied or explicit guarantees ASCII text files comma separated values unknown Velocity files for each deployment http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/schaffranek/flowshark.html Data may be downloaded form the SOFIA website ASCII text files comma separated values unknown Conductivity and Temperature files for each deployment http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/schaffranek/flowshark.html Data may be downloaded from the SOFIA website MS Excel unknown Temperature-Profile files for each station http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/schaffranek/flowshark.html Data may be downloaded from the SOFIA website MS Excel unknown Water-Depth files http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/schaffranek/flowshark.html Data may be downloaded from the SOFIA website none Eric D. Swain U.S. Geological Survey mailing and physical

3110 SW 9th Avenue

Ft. Lauderdale FL 33315 USA 954 377-5925 954 377-5901 edswain@usgs.gov TIME Data from ENP, SFWMD, and NOAA These data may be subject to significant change and are not citeable until reviewed and approved by the agency responsible for their collection. Check with the individual agencies for status of the data. various unknown This website provides access information to data from Everglades National Park (ENP), South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) formerly contained in the TIME Database http://time.er.usgs.gov/TIME/ The data may be accessed from the TIME Data website none 20090311 Heather Henkel U.S. Geological Survey mailing and physical address

600 Fourth Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 803-8747 ext 3028 727 803-2030 sofia-metadata@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998 none This metadata record may have been copied from the SOFIA website and may not be the most recent version. Please check http://sofia.usgs.gov/metadata to be sure you have the most recent version.