Robert Halley Ellen Prager 2002 map http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/halley/halleysalt.html The goal of this project was to document decade- to century- scale processes associated with sediment transport in Florida Bay. The results will quantify the influence of bottom topography on waterquality in the Bay so that sea level and bathymetric change can be integrated with numerical modeling efforts conducted by cooperating agencies. Recent algal blooms and seagrass mortality have raised concerns about the water quality of Florida Bay, particularly its nutrient content (nitrogen and phosphorous), hypersalinity, and turbidity. Water quality is closely tied to sediment transport processes because resuspension of sediments increases turbidity, releases stored nutrients, and facilitates sediment export to the reef tract. The objective of this research is to provide a better understanding of how and when sediments within Florida Bay are resuspended and deposited, to define the spatial distribution of the potential for resuspension, to delineate patterns of potential bathymetric change, and to predict the impacts of storms or seagrass die-off on bathymetry and circulation within the bay. By combining these results with the findings of other research being conducted in Florida Bay, we hope to quantify sediment export from the bay, better define the nutrient input during resuspension events, and assist in modeling circulation and water quality. Results will enable long-term sediment deposition and erosion in various regions of the bay to be integrated with data on the anticipated sea-level rise to predict future water depths and volumes. Results from this project, together with established sediment production rates, will provide the basis for a sediment budget for Florida Bay. This project was completed in 2002 199411 200212 surface and bottom conditions Complete None planned -81.167 -80.33 25.33 24.83 none sea-level circulation sediments water quality chemistry hydrology salinity ISO 19115 Topic Category environment inlandWaters 007 012 imageryBaseMapsEarthCover 010 Department of Commerce, 1995, Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions, Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 10-4, Washington, D.C., National Institute of Standards and Technology United States US U.S. Department of Commerce, 1987, Codes for the identification of the States, the District of Columbia and the outlying areas of the United States, and associated areas (Federal Information Processing Standard 5-2): Washington, D. C., NIST Florida FL Department of Commerce, 1990, Counties and Equivalent Entities of the United States, Its Possessions, and Associated Areas, FIPS 6-3, Washington, DC, National Institute of Standards and Technology Monroe County USGS Geographic Names Information System Everglades National Park Florida Bay none Central Everglades Florida Keys none none Robert Halley U.S. Geological Survey Project Chief mailing and physical address

600 Fourth Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 803-8747 ext 3020 727 803-2030 rhalley@usgs.gov http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/halley/locationsalt.html Florida Bay Salinity Data Location Map GIF Salinity data was collected by R. Halley, K. Ludwig, Kim Yates, Jason Greenwood, Yucong Tuo, Rita Byrd, Hilary Stockton, Heather Mounts, K. Geraghty, B. Remick, R. Peterson, M. Moyle, L. Roulier, D. Wiese, B, Zalew, and Nancy DeWitt. Additional data was provided by the National Park Service, Everglades National Park, and the South Florida Water Managememnt District. Boscence, D. 1989 report Bulletin of Marine Science 44(1): 419-433 Coral Gables, FL University of Florida Press Frankignoulle, M. 1988 report Limnology and Oceanography 33(3):313-322 Washington, D.C. American Society of Limnology and Oceanography Millero, F. J. 1979 report Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 43:1651-1661 Oxon, United Kingdom Geochemical Society (Elsevier Science Ltd.) Smith, S. V. Key, G. S. 1975 report Limnology and Oceanography 20:493-495 Washington, DC American Society of Limnology and Oceanography Stockman, K. W. Ginsburg, R. N., Shinn, E. A. 1967 report Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 37(2):633-648 Tulsa, OK S E P M Society for Sedimentary Geology Sugiura, Y. Ibert, E. R., Hood, D. W. 1963 report Journal of Marine Research 21(1):11-24 New Haven, CT Sears Foundation for Marine Research Wanninkhof, R. 1992 report Journal of Geophysical Research 97:7373-7382 Washington, DC American Geophysical Union Barnes, D. J. 1983 report Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 66:149-161 Amsterdam, Netherlands Elsevier Science BV Barnes, D. J. Devereux, M. J. 1984 report Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 79:213-231 Amsterdam, Netherlands Elsevier Science BV Frankignoulle, M. Disteche, A. 1984 report Oceanologica Acta 7(2):209-219 Paris, France Institute Franceis de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer Gattuso, J. P. Pichon, M., Delesalle, B., Frankignoulle, M. 1993 report Marine Ecology Progress Series 96:259-267 Oldendorf, Germany Inter-Research Kayanne, H. Suzuki, A., Saito, H. 1995 report Science 269:214-216 Washington, DC American Association for the Advancement of Science Smith, S. V. 1973 report Limnology and Oceanography 18(1):106-120 Washington, DC American Society of Limnology and Oceanography Prager, E. J. Halley, R. B. 1999 report Journal of Coastal Research v. 15, 1151-1162 Fort Lauderdale, FL Coastal Education and Research Foundation (CERF) not applicable not applicable Local information was recorded in the Bay using a DIO-issued military style GPSunit - Rockwell Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver PLGR+96 with a precision of +/- 10m. Six interrelated activities were undertaken for this project: 1) core analyses; 2) local sediment elevation surveys; 3) mudbank profiling and surveys; 4) integration of sedimentary analyses with circulation patterns and sea-level history; 5) salinity surveys to document effects of mudbanks on circulation; and 6)measurement of short-term productivity and carbonate precipitation. This project integrated results from several other projects in the USGS Place Based Studies and other programs. In particular, the bathymetry, turbidity, sediment transport, lead-2 10 dating, and ecosystem history projects in the bay both used results from this project and provided information to the project. Additional complimentary information was provided by the Marine and Coastal Program project "Sedimentation and water quality in Florida Bay" that provided funding for determining past salinity from geochemical analyses of fossil mollusks as part of a cooperative with the South Florida Water Management District. Five of the six activities were designed to provide measures of sedimentation or erosion on mudbanks, the sixth activity documents the influence of mudbanks on water salinity. 1) Coring: Cores taken for this and other projects were x-rayed and some provided measurable sections of sediment above known (dated) horizons. These provided an average sedimentation rate based on the age of the horizon. 2) Pb-210 dating: A few cores were suitable for lead-210 dating from which an average sedimentation rate was calculated. The lead-210 method has the advantage of providing a continuous record of sedimentation rates during the last century with a resolution of a few years. However, there are only a few sites in the Bay that are suitable for analyses. 3) Sedimentation site monitoring: Fifteen local sediment survey stations were established in the bay. These were driven to bedrock and provided platforms for seasonal sediment elevation measurements accurate to a few millimeters. Five are in the eastern bay, five in the central bay, and five in the western bay. 4) Bank profiles: Each group of five survey stations is arranged in a transact across a mudbank. Repeated precision profiling across each mudbank will provide a multi-year record of sediment erosion or accretion on the bank and allow the data from individual survey stations, cores, and marker horizon sites to be placed in context of bank-wide patterns. Sedimentation rates provide basic data for determining long-term accumulation/erosion patterns and subsequent volume changes in the bay as a result of sea- level rise. 5) Salinity surveys: Salinity maps, produced semi monthly, illustrate the influence of mudbanks on circulation. The contours of salinity, constructed from bay-wide surveys, show conformity with the banks and often coincide with the banks. Turbid and algal bloom regions, monitored by other agencies, are also confined by shallow banks. 6) Productivity and calcification measurements: The measurements of the short-trem productivity and carbonate precipitaiton provided the data necessary for a comparison of current sedimentation rates with long-term sediment accumulation measured by lead-210 dating and elevation surveys from the project. Three measures of water quality (salinity, turbidity and chlorophyll) indicate that the mudbanks are a dominant control on circulation. Understanding mudbank dynamics is critical to predicting future water quality of the Bay. Productivity measurements in Florida Bay, including calcification and net photosynthesis, were performed using geochemical techniques that have proven successful for measuring production in carbonate reef and seagrass bed ecosystems (Smith 1973, Barnes 1983, Barnes and Devereux 1984, Frankignoulle and Disteche 1984, Gattuso et al. 1993). These measurements were used to provide insight into the discrepancy between long-term sediment accumulation rates (Stockman et. al,. 1967) and short-term production measurements (Bosence, 1989). Total alkalinity, pH, calcium concentrations, salinity, irradiance, temperature, wind and current speed, and air-sea CO2 and O2 fluxes were measured along transects across carbonate mud banks in Florida Bay. Transects were located parallel to unidirectional current flow across a given bank. Sample stations along each transect were positioned at the upstream, middle, and downstream ends of each transect. Geochemical and physical parameters were measured at each station along a transect at different times (and irradiances) during the day. Total alkalinity and pH were used to calculate calcification and net photosynthesis using the alkalinity anomaly technique of Smith and Key (1975) such that calcification (C) = half the change in total alkalinity, and net photosynthesis (P) = total carbon-calcification. Total carbon was calculated using carbonate system equations from Millero (1979). Calcium measurements provided an independent measure of calcification for comparison. Air-sea CO2 fluxes were measured directly at each station inside of a floating bell (Sugiura et al. 1963, Frankignoulle and Disteche 1984, Frankignoulle 1988, Gattuso et al. 1993, Kayanne et al. 1995) using the procedure and calculations of Frankignoulle (1988). Air-sea O2 fluxes wree determined by measuring atmospheric and water pO2 and calculating fluxes as described in Wanninkhof (1992). Differences in oxygen and carbon metabolism between upstream and downstream stations will be corrected for O2 and CO2 exchange with the atmosphere as described in (Gattuso et al., 1993). Productivity and metabolic rates per unit area were calculated using the difference in concentration between upstream and downstream stations, the volume of water transported along a transect, and the transect area such that the change in concentration of a parameter (dC/m2/s) = C/m3 x m3/hr)/m2 (Barnes and Devereux, 1984). Productivity data from multiple transects in Florida Bay were used to estimate daily production rates for Florida Bay. Comparison of these data with previous productivity estimates and sediment accumulation rates will indicate whether discrepancies between production and accumulation rates are due to measurement and calculation techniques or to some real change in the productivity of the Bay. 2002 Robert Halley U.S. Geological Survey Project Chief mailing and physical address

600 Fourth Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 803-8747 ext 3020 727 803-2030 rhalley@usgs.gov Florida Bay 0.0001 0.0001 Decimal degrees North American Datum of 1983 Geodetic Reference System 80 6378137 298.257 Heather S.Henkel U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

600 Fourth St. South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 803-8747 ext 3028 727 803-2030 hhenkel@usgs.gov Florida Bay bottom types map The data have no explicit or implied guarantees. Adobe Acrobat PDF The file contains an image of the bottom types map. 0.3 http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/97-526/ Log onto the SOFIA web site at http://sofia.usgs.gov none Heather S.Henkel U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

600 Fourth St. South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 803-8747 ext 3028 727 803-2030 hhenkel@usgs.gov Florida Bay salinity data No warrantees are implied or explicit for the data ASCII 1 http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/halley/halleysalt.html data are available for download from the SOFIA web site none Heather S.Henkel U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

600 Fourth St. South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 803-8747 ext 3028 727 803-2030 hhenkel@usgs.gov Florida Bay Air:Sea Carbon Dioxide Exchange maps No warrantees are implied or explicit for the data JPEG 0.2 http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/geo_monitor/maps/carbon-fluxes/ maps are available for download from the SOFIA web site Adobe Acrobat PDF 0.09 http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/geo_monitor/maps/carbon-fluxes/ maps are available for download from the SOFIA web site none Heather S.Henkel U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

600 Fourth St. South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 803-8747 ext 3028 727 803-2030 hhenkel@usgs.gov Florida Bay Surface maps No warrantees are implied or explicit for the data JPEG surface maps showing temperature, salinities, pH, and dissolved oxygen for Feb. and April, 2002 0.2 http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/geo_monitor/maps/mps-surfaces/ maps are available for download from the SOFIA website Adobe Acrobat PDF surface maps showing temperature, salinities, pH, and dissolved oxygen for Feb. and April, 2002 0.09 http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/geo_monitor/maps/mps-surfaces/ maps are available for download from the SOFIA website none Heather S.Henkel U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

600 Fourth St. South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 803-8747 ext 3028 727 803-2030 hhenkel@usgs.gov Florida Bay salinity maps No warrantees are implied or explicit for the data Adobe PDF Each file contains a map for a specific date 1 http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/circulation/data/sal_maps/index.html maps are available for download from the SOFIA website ASCII unknown Each file contains the raw data for a specific date http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/circulation/data/sal_maps/index.html Log onto the SOFIA website at http://sofia.usgs.gov none 20061023 Heather Henkel U.S. Geological Survey mailing and physical address

600 Fourth Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 803-8747 ext 3028 727 803-2030 sofia-metadata@usgs.gov FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998